| 词条 | Oliver Reed |
| 释义 |
| name = Oliver Reed | image = Oliver Reed 1968 (cropped).jpg | caption = Oliver Reed in 1968 |birth_name=Robert Oliver Reed | birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|02|13|df=y}} | birth_place = Wimbledon, London, UK | death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|05|02|1938|02|13|df=y}} | death_place = Valletta, Malta | burial_place = Churchtown, County Cork | occupation = Actor | years_active = 1958–1999 | children = 2 | spouse = {{marriage|Kate Byrne|1959|1969|end=divorced}} {{marriage|Josephine Burge |1985|1999|end=his death}} }} Robert Oliver Reed (13 February 1938 – 2 May 1999) was an English actor known for his upper-middle class, macho image, hellraiser lifestyle, and "tough guy" roles. Notable films include The Trap (1966), playing Bill Sikes in the Best Picture Oscar winner Oliver! (1968), Women in Love (1969), Hannibal Brooks (1969), The Devils (1971), portraying Athos in The Three Musketeers (1973), Tommy (1975), Lion of the Desert (1981), Castaway (1986), The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988) and Funny Bones (1995). For playing Antonius Proximo, the old, gruff gladiator trainer in Ridley Scott's Gladiator (2000) in what was his final film, Reed was posthumously nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. At the peak of his career, in 1971, British exhibitors voted Reed 5th most popular star at the box office.[1] An alcoholic, Reed's issues with drink were well publicised, from appearances on chat shows to a high-profile friendship with drinking partner, The Who drummer Keith Moon, with the two meeting while working on Tommy. Early lifeReed was born at 9 Durrington Park Road,[2] Wimbledon, to Peter Reed, a sports journalist and Marcia (née Napier-Andrews).[3] He was the nephew of film director Sir Carol Reed, and grandson of the actor-manager Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree and his mistress, May Pinney Reed. His other grandmother was Beatrice Reed, "the only person who understood, listened to, encouraged and kissed Oliver".[4] Reed claimed to have been a descendant (through an illegitimate step) of Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia.[5] Reed attended 14 schools,[6] including Ewell Castle School in Surrey. Oliver's brother Simon Reed, a sports journalist, works for British Eurosport.[7][8] ""My father thought I was just lazy," Reed later said. "He thought I was a dunce."[9] Reed worked as a boxer, a bouncer, a cabdriver and a hospital porter. He then did his compulsory army service in the Royal Army Medical Corps.[9] "The army helped," he said later. "I recognized that most other people were actors as well. I was in the peacetime army and they were all telling us youngsters about the war."[9] CareerEarly yearsWhen he got out of the army Reed commenced his acting career as an extra in films. He appeared uncredited in a Norman Wisdom film, The Square Peg (1958). Uncredited television appearances included episodes of The Invisible Man (1958), The Four Just Men (1959) and The Third Man. He appeared in the documentary Hello London (1958). Reed's first break was playing Richard of Gloucester in a 6-part BBC TV series The Golden Spur (1959). It did not seem to help his career immediately: he was uncredited in the films The Captain's Table (1959), Upstairs and Downstairs (1959), directed by Ralph Thomas, Life Is a Circus (1960), The Angry Silence (1960), The League of Gentlemen (1960) and Beat Girl (1960). He played a bouncer in The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960) for Hammer Films with whom he would become associated; the director was Terence Fisher. Reed was then in another Wisdom film, The Bulldog Breed (1960), playing the leader of a gang of Teddy Boys roughing up Wisdom in a cinema Reed got his first significant role in Hammer Films' Sword of Sherwood Forest (1960), again directed by Fisher. He went back to small roles for His and Hers (1961), a Terry Thomas comedy, No Love for Johnnie (1961) for Thomas, and The Rebel (1961) with Tony Hancock. Leading manReed's first starring role came when Hammer cast him as the central character in Terence Fisher’s The Curse of the Werewolf (1961). Hammer liked Reed and gave him good supporting roles in the swashbuckler The Pirates of Blood River (1962), directed by John Gilling; Captain Clegg (1962), a smugglers tale with Peter Cushing; These Are the Damned (1963), a science fiction film, as a teddy boy, directed by Joseph Losey; Paranoiac (1963), a psycho thriller for director Freddie Francis; and The Scarlet Blade (1963); a swashbuckler set during the Civil War directed by Gilling, with Reed as a Roundhead. During this time he appeared in some ITV Playhouse productions, "Murder in Shorthand" (1962) and "The Second Chef " (1962), and guest starred on episodes of The Saint. He also had the lead in a non-Hammer horror, The Party's Over (made 1963, released 1965), directed by Guy Hamilton. Michael Winner and Ken RussellIn 1964 he starred in the first of six films directed by Michael Winner, The System, (known as The Girl-Getters in the U.S.). The following year he had his first collaboration with Ken Russell, The Debussy Film (1965), a TV biopic of Claude Debussy. Reed, who played the title role, said this was crucial to his career because " "That was the first time I met Ken Russell and it was the first part I had after I'd had my face cut in a fight and no one would employ me. Everybody thought I was a cripple."[10] He narrated Russell's TV movie Always on Sunday (1965). Reed returned to Hammer for The Brigand of Kandahar (1965), playing a villainous Indian in an imperial action film for Gilling. He guest starred on episodes of It's Cold Outside and Court Martial, the latter directed by Seth Holt. He had a regular role on the TV series R3 (1965). Reed was the lead in a Canadian-British co production, The Trap (1966), co-starring with Rita Tushingham. Reed's career stepped up another level when he starred in the popular comedy film The Jokers (1966), his second film with Winner, alongside Michael Crawford. After playing a villain in a horror movie, The Shuttered Room (1967) he did a third with Winner, I'll Never Forget What's'isname (1967), co-starring with Orson Welles. Reed was reunited with Russell for another TV movie, Dante's Inferno (1968), playing Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Oliver! and stardomReed became a star playing Bill Sikes in Oliver! (1968), alongside Ron Moody, Shani Wallis, Mark Lester, Jack Wild and Harry Secombe, in his uncle Carol Reed's screen version of the successful stage musical. It was a huge hit and Reed's performance much acclaimed. He was in the black comedy The Assassination Bureau (1969), directed by Basil Dearden; and a war film for Winner, Hannibal Brooks (1969). More successful than either was his fourth film with Russell, a film version of Women in Love (1969), in which he wrestled naked with Alan Bates in front of a log fire. In 1969 Interstate Theatres awarded him their International Star of the Year Award.[11] Take a Girl Like You (1970) was a sex comedy with Hayley Mills; The Lady in the Car with Glasses and a Gun (1970) was a thriller directed by Anatole Litvak. The following year, Reed appeared in the controversial film The Devils (1971), directed by Russell with Vanessa Redgrave. An anecdote holds that Reed could have been chosen to play James Bond. In 1969, Bond franchise producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman were looking for a replacement for Sean Connery and Reed (who had recently played a resourceful killer in The Assassination Bureau) was mentioned as a possible choice for the role. Whatever the reason, Reed was never to play Bond. After Reed's death, the Guardian Unlimited called the casting decision, "One of the great missed opportunities of post-war British movie history." He made a series of action-orientated projects: The Hunting Party (1971), a Western shot in Spain with Gene Hackman; Sitting Target (1972), a tough gangster film; and Z.P.G. (1972), a science fiction film with Geraldine Chaplin. The Triple Echo (1972) was directed by Michael Apted, and featured Reed in drag, alongside Glenda Jackson. Reed also appeared in a number of Italian films: Dirty Weekend (1973), with Marcello Mastroiann; One Russian Summer (1973) with Claudia Cardinale; and Revolver (1973). He had great success playing Athos in The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers (1974) for directed Richard Lester from a script by George MacDonald Fraser. Reed had an uncredited bit-part in Russell's Mahler (1974), was the lead in Blue Blood (1973) and And Then There Were None (1974), produced by Harry Alan Towers. His next project with Ken Russell was Tommy, based on The Who's 1969 concept album Tommy and starring its lead singer Roger Daltrey. Royal Flash (1975) reunited him with Richard Lester and George MacDonald Fraser, playing Otto von Bismarck. He had a cameo in Russell's Lisztomania (1975). Reed appeared in The New Spartans (1975) then acted alongside Karen Black, Bette Davis, and Burgess Meredith in the Dan Curtis horror film Burnt Offerings (1976). He was in The Sell Out (1976) and The Great Scout & Cathouse Thursday (1976) with Lee Marvin. After Assault in Paradise (1977) he returned to swashbuckling in Crossed Swords (UK title The Prince and the Pauper) (1977), as Miles Hendon alongside Raquel Welch and a grown up Mark Lester, who had worked with Reed in Oliver!, from a script co written by Fraser. Reed did Tomorrow Never Comes (1978) for Peter Colinson and The Big Sleep (1978) with Winner. He and Jackson were reunited in The Class of Miss MacMichael (1978), then he made a film in Canada. The Mad Trapper that was unfinished. Reed returned to the horror genre as Dr. Hal Raglan in David Cronenberg's 1979 film The Brood and ended the decade with A Touch of the Sun (1979), a comedy with Peter Cushing. 1980sFrom the 1980s onwards Reed's films had less success. He did a comedy for Charles B. Griffith, Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype (1980) and played Gen. Rodolfo Graziani in Lion of the Desert (1981), which co-starred Anthony Quinn and chronicled the resistance to Italy's occupation of Libya. On 20 January 2016 ISIS used a clip of Lion of the Desert as part of a propaganda video threatening Italy with terrorist attacks.[12] Reed was a villain in Disney's Condorman (1981) and did the horror film Venom (1981). He was a villain in The Sting II (1983) and appeared in Sex, Lies and Renaissance (1983). He also starred as Lt-Col Gerard Leachman in the Iraqi historical film Al-Mas' Ala Al-Kubra (a.k.a. Clash of Loyalties) (1983), which dealt with Leachman's exploits during the 1920 revolution in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). Reed was in Spasms (1983), Two of a Kind (1983), Masquerade (1984), Christopher Columbus (1985), Black Arrow (1985) and Captive (1986). He says he was contemplating quitting acting when Nicolas Roeg cast him in Castaway (1986) as the middle aged Gerald Kingsland, who advertises for a "wife" (played by Amanda Donohoe) to live on a desert island with him for a year.[10] Reed was in The Misfit Brigade (1987), Gor (1987), Master of Dragonard Hill (1987), Dragonard (1987), Skeleton Coast (1988), Blind Justice (1988), Captive Rage (1988), and Rage to Kill (1988). Most of these were exploitation films produced by the impresario Harry Alan Towers filmed in South Africa at the time of apartheid and released straight to video in the United States and UK. He was in Terry Gilliam's The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988) (as the god Vulcan); The Lady and the Highwayman (1989) with Hugh Grant; The House of Usher (1989); The Return of the Musketeers (1990) with Lester and Fraser; Treasure Island (1990) with Charlton Heston; A Ghost in Monte Carlo (1990); Hired to Kill (1990); Panama Sugar (1990); The Revenger (1990); The Pit and the Pendulum (1991); Prisoner of Honor (1991) for Russell; and Severed Ties (1993). Later yearsReed was in Return to Lonesome Dove (1993); Funny Bones (1995); Russian Roulette - Moscow 95 (1995); Luise knackt den Jackpot (1995); Die Tunnelgangster von Berlin (1996); The Bruce (1996); Jeremiah (1998); The Incredible Adventures of Marco Polo on His Journeys to the Ends of the Earth (1998); and Parting Shots (1998). His final role was the elderly slave dealer Proximo in Gladiator (2000), in which he played alongside Richard Harris,[13] an actor whom Reed admired greatly both on and off the screen.[14] The film was released after his death with some footage filmed with a double,[15] digitally mixed with outtake footage.[16] The film was dedicated to him.[17] In addition to his posthumous BAFTA recognition, he shared the film's nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture with the rest of the principal players. MusicIn addition to acting, Reed released several singles in the popular music vein, though with limited success. These included "Wild One"/"Lonely for a Girl" (1961), "Sometimes"/"Ecstasy" (1962), "Baby It's Cold Outside" (duet with Joyce Blair) and "Wild Thing" (1992) (duet with snooker ace Alex Higgins). Oliver also later narrated a track called "Walpurgis Nacht" by heavy metal band Death SS.[18] Personal lifeIn 1959, Reed married Kate Byrne.[19] The couple had one son, Mark, before their divorce in 1969. While filming his part of Bill Sikes in Oliver!, he met Jacquie Daryl, a classically trained dancer who was also in the film.[20] They became lovers and subsequently had a daughter, Sarah. In 1985, he married Josephine Burge, to whom he was still married at the time of his death. She was 16 years old when they met, he was 42.[21] In his last years, Reed and Burge lived in Churchtown, County Cork, Ireland. ActivitiesIn 1964 Reed's face was cut in a bar fight. He received 63 stitches and was in danger of losing his film career due to the scarring. He claimed to have turned down major roles in two Hollywood movies, including The Sting (although he did appear in the 1983 sequel The Sting II). When the UK government raised taxes on personal income, Reed initially declined to join the exodus of major British film stars to Hollywood and other more tax-friendly locales. In the late 1970s Reed relocated to Guernsey as a tax exile. He had sold his large house, Broome Hall, between the villages of Coldharbour and Ockley some years earlier and initially lodged at the Duke of Normandie Hotel in Saint Peter Port.[22] In 1993 Reed was unsuccessfully sued by his former stuntman and stand-in Reg Prince, for an injury incurred by the latter while filming Castaway.[23] In 2013, the writer Robert Sellers published What Fresh Lunacy Is This? – The Authorised Biography of Oliver Reed.[24] AlcoholismReed was known for his alcoholism and binge drinking.[25] Numerous anecdotes exist, such as Reed and 36 drinking friends drinking in one evening: 60 gallons of beer, 32 bottles of scotch, 17 bottles of gin, four crates of wine, and a bottle of Babycham. He subsequently revised the story, claiming he drank 106 pints of beer on a two-day binge before marrying Josephine Burge; "The event that was reported actually took place during an arm-wrestling competition in Guernsey about 15 years ago, it was highly exaggerated." Steve McQueen told the story that in 1973 he flew to the UK to discuss a film project with Reed and suggested the two men visit a London nightclub.[29] They ended up on a marathon pub crawl during which Reed got so drunk he vomited on McQueen.[26] Reed became a close friend and drinking partner of The Who's drummer Keith Moon in 1974 while working together on the film version of Tommy.[27] With their reckless lifestyles Reed and Moon had much in common, and both cited the hard drinking actor Robert Newton as a role model.[28] Christopher Lee, a friend and colleague of Reed, commented on his alcoholism in 2014: "when he started, after [drink] number eight, he became a complete monster. It was awful to see."[29] Reed was often irritated that his appearances on TV talk shows concentrated on his drinking feats rather than his latest films and acting career. On 26 September 1975, in front of a speechless Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show, the bellicose Reed had a glass of whisky poured over his head on-camera by an enraged Shelley Winters (Winters had been upset by Reed's derogatory comments toward women).[30] David Letterman cut to a commercial when Reed became belligerent after being asked too many questions about his drinking on 5 August 1987 after pointing out that Letterman's researcher had already been told that Reed did not want to talk about drink, during his appearance on Late Night with David Letterman. Reed was held partly responsible for the demise of BBC1's Sin on Saturday after some typically forthright comments on the subject of lust, the sin featured on the first programme. The show had many other problems, and a fellow guest revealed that Reed recognised this when he arrived and virtually had to be dragged in front of the cameras. Near the end of his life, he was brought onto some TV shows specifically for his drinking; for example The Word put bottles of liquor in his dressing room so he could be secretly filmed getting drunk{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}. He left the set of the Channel 4 television discussion programme After Dark after arriving drunk and attempting to kiss feminist writer Kate Millett, uttering the phrase, "Give us a kiss, big tits". {{citation needed|date=July 2018}} However, Cliff Goodwin's biography of Reed, Evil Spirits, offered the theory that Reed was not always as drunk on chat shows as he appeared to be, but rather was acting the part of an uncontrollably sodden former star to liven things up, at the producers' behests. In October 1981, Reed was arrested in Vermont, where he was tried and acquitted of disturbing the peace while drunk. However, he pleaded no contest to two assault charges and was fined $1,200.[31] In December 1987, Reed, who was overweight and already suffered from gout,[32] became seriously ill with kidney problems as a result of his alcoholism and had to abstain from drinking for over one year on the advice of his doctor. In his final years, when he lived in Ireland, Reed was a regular in the one-roomed O'Brien's Bar in Churchtown, County Cork, close to the 13th-century cemetery in the heart of the village where he would be buried.[33][34] Death and aftermathReed died from a heart attack during a break from filming Gladiator in Valletta, Malta, on 2 May 1999.[35] Some said he drank eight pints of lager, a dozen double rums and half a bottle of whiskey[36] in a drinking match against sailors on shore leave from H.M.S. Cumberland.[37] He was 61 years old. Fellow Gladiator actor Omid Djalili said in 2016: "He hadn't had a drink for months before filming started ... Everyone said he went the way he wanted, but that's not true. It was very tragic. He was in an Irish bar and was pressured into a drinking competition. He should have just left, but he didn't."[38] Russell Crowe also said in 2010: "I never got on with Ollie. He has visited me in dreams and asked me to talk kindly of him. So I should... but we never had a pleasant conversation."[39] Gladiator had to be completed using computer-generated imagery (CGI) techniques.[40] Despite this, he was posthumously nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor.[41]A funeral for Reed was held in Churchtown, County Cork,[42] in Ireland where he resided the last years of his life, his body being interred in Churchtown's Bruhenny Graveyard.[43] On his gravestone reads the message, "He made the air move". Filmography{{Main|Oliver Reed filmography}}References1. ^Waymark, Peter (30 December 1971). "Richard Burton top draw in British cinemas," The Times, London, p. 2. 2. ^Goodwin, Cliff Evil Spirits: The Life of Oliver Reed, London: Virgin Publishing Ltd, 2000 3. ^{{cite book| last= Reed|first=Oliver|title=Reed All About Me: The Autobiography of Oliver Reed|publisher=W. H. Allen|year=1979|page=7}} 4. ^{{cite news |last=Milligan |first=Spike |author-link=Spike Milligan |title=LIFE AS the son of a hellraiser |url=https://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/life-as-the-son-of-a-hellraiser-29210757.html |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=16 May 2018 |newspaper=Irish Independent}} 5. ^Books {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908024234/http://oliverreed.net/Books/index.html |date=8 September 2008 }}. OliverReed.net. Retrieved on 25 July 2013. 6. ^https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/may/03/features1 7. ^{{cite news|last1=Hastings|first1=Chris|title=Oliver Reed's widow upset by Oscar snub|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1323122/Oliver-Reeds-widow-upset-by-Oscar-snub.html|accessdate=30 October 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=18 February 2001}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Simon Reed|url=http://au.eurosport.com/tennis/simon-reed_prs22225/person.shtml|website=Eurosport Tennis|accessdate=30 October 2016}} 9. ^{{cite news |title=Ex-army corporal who served with Oliver Reed wants to track down old comrades |url=http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/11845049.Ex_army_corporal_who_served_with_Oliver_Reed_wants_to_track_down_old_comrades/ |date=10 March 2015 |access-date=5 June 2018 |newspaper=South Wales Argus |publisher=Gannett Company}} 10. ^1 2 3 OLIVER REED: ONE AMONG MANY PRETENDERS Luaine Lee, Knight. Chicago Tribune 23 Oct 1987: R. 11. ^Oliver Reed Honored by Interstate TheatersLos Angeles Times27 June 1969: d15. 12. ^{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Benjamin|title=Oliver Reed movie used by Isis to threaten Italy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/20/oliver-reed-movie-isis-libya-gaddafi-italy|date=20 January 2016 |access-date=2 March 2019|newspaper=The Guardian}} 13. ^{{cite book |last=Delaney |first=Tim |author-link=Tom Delaney |last2=Madigan |first2=Tim |author2-link=Tim Madigan |title=The Sociology of Sports: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=IvRTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |publisher=McFarland Publishing |date=22 July 2015 |edition=2nd |page=68 |isbn=9780786497676}} 14. ^{{cite journal |last=Collings |first=Mark |title=When Stars Collide: Richard Harris On Drinking With Ollie Reed |url=https://sabotagetimes.com/life/when-stars-collide-part-four-oliver-reed-and-richard-harris |date=31 March 2014 |access-date=7 June 2018 |magazine=Sabotage Times}} 15. ^{{cite news |last=Hassan |first=Genevieve |title=Missing in action: The films affected by actors' deaths |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-26039225 |date=10 April 2017 |access-date=7 June 2018 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}} 16. ^{{cite news |last=Patterson |first=John |title=CGI Friday: a brief history of computer-generated actors |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/mar/27/paul-walker-furious-seven-brief-history-of-computer-generated-actors |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=7 June 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}} 17. ^{{cite book |last=Richards |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Richards |title=Hollywood's Ancient Worlds |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=9cPiAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 |publisher=A&C Black |date=1 July 2008 |page=177 |isbn=9780826435385}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oliverreed.net/Trivia/trivia2.html |title=OliverReed.net |publisher=OliverReed.net |date= |accessdate=30 March 2015}} 19. ^{{cite book |last=Edgar |first=Kathleen J. |last2=Kondek |first2=Joshua |title=Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=p_dkAAAAMAAJ |publisher=GALE Group |year=1998 |page=346 |volume=20 |isbn=9780787620585}} 20. ^{{cite book |last=Sellers |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Sellers |title=Hellraisers: The Life and Inebriated Times of Burton, Harris, O'Toole and Reed |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=00FZw4_kcTIC&pg=PT149 |publisher=Random House |date=19 February 2009 |page=149 |isbn=9781409050100}} 21. ^{{cite web |last1=Jane |first1=Warren |title=Shy schoolgirl who stole the heart of Oliver Reed |url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/409379/Shy-schoolgirl-who-stole-the-heart-of-Oliver-Reed |website=Express |accessdate=7 June 2018}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dukeofnormandie.com/blog/when-oliver-reed-stayed-at-the-duke |title=When Oliver Reed lived in Guernsey |work=Dukeofnormandie.com |date= |accessdate=30 March 2015}} 23. ^Sad' Oliver Reed cleared of blame for stand-in's broken backWeale, Sally. The Guardian 17 Dec 1993. 24. ^{{cite news |last=Rees |first=Jasper |title=What Fresh Lunacy is This? The authorised biography of Oliver Reed by Robert Sellers, review |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/biographyandmemoirreviews/10146252/What-Fresh-Lunacy-is-This-The-authorised-biography-of-Oliver-Reed-by-Robert-Sellers-review.html |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=16 May 2018 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited}} 25. ^{{cite news |last=Prone |first=Terry |title=In good spirits: why actor Oliver Reed was always drunk but never bored |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsfilmtv/books/in-good-spirits-why-actor-oliver-reed-was-always-drunk-but-never-bored-237449.html |date=20 July 2013 |access-date=5 June 2018 |newspaper=Irish Examiner}} 26. ^1 Cliff Goodwin (2011). "Evil Spirits: The Life of Oliver Reed". p. 141. Random House 27. ^{{cite news|title='Moon the Loon' tops poll as rock's most excessive rogue|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/moon-the-loon-tops-poll-as-rocks-most-excessive-rogue-84518.html|work=The Independent|date=15 July 2015}} 28. ^Angus Konstam (2008) [https://books.google.coM/books?id=USiyy1ZA-BsC&pg=PA313&dq=WEST+COUNTRY+PIRATE+ACCENT&hl=en&ei=1YeTTqmoOsGl8QPJ7NnqBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=WEST%20COUNTRY%20PIRATE%20ACCENT&f=false Piracy: The Complete History] p.313. Osprey Publishing, Retrieved 11 October 2011 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pardolive.ch/en/Pardo-Live/pardo-live-tv?v=http://vod.pardo.ch/jpardo/perm/6800/58/OC712636_P6800_178058.mp4|title=Festival del film Locarno|author=Festival del film Locarno|work=pardolive.ch}} 30. ^Sellers, Robert (2008). Hellraisers, Preface Publishing, p. 128; {{ISBN|1906838364}}. 31. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/28/nyregion/notes-on-people-actor-guilty-in-brawl.html|title=NOTES ON PEOPLE; Actor Guilty in Brawl|first1=Albin|last1=Krebs|first2=Robert McG Thomas|last2=Jr|date=28 October 1981|accessdate=13 November 2017|website=Nytimes.com}} 32. ^Goodwin, Cliff. Evil Spirits: The Life of Oliver Reed (2001) p. 246 33. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911060016/http://www.churchtown.net/Webpages/AA_general_pages/oliverreed.htm |date=11 September 2007 }} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oliverreed.net/Press/press1990_25.html |title=OliverReed.net |publisher=OliverReed.net |date=9 May 1999 |accessdate=30 March 2015}} 35. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/03/arts/oliver-reed-diverse-actor-for-film-and-tv-dies-at-61.html|title=Oliver Reed, Diverse Actor For Film and TV, Dies at 61|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 May 1999}} 36. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.airmalta.com/destinations/malta/blog/detail/Oliver-Reeds-last-drink-in-Malta |title=Oliver Reed's last drink in Malta |author=Adam |date=5 May 2014 |access-date=5 June 2018 |work=Air Malta}} 37. ^{{cite news |title=Oliver Reed dies after last drink |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 May 1999 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/may/03/colinblackstock |last=Blackstock |first=Colin |access-date=11 June 2018 |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}} 38. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/24/oliver-reed-grabbed-me-by-the-balls-omid-djalili "The day Oliver Reed grabbed me by the balls"] by Omid Djalili, The Guardian, 24 January 2016 39. ^{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Anita |title=Russell Crowe: 'I'm not a hard man, I like poetry and wear make-up for a living' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/7682518/Russell-Crowe-Im-not-a-hard-man-I-like-poetry-and-wear-make-up-for-a-living.html |date=6 May 2010 |access-date=4 June 2018 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=https://uk.yahoo.com/movies/movie-moments-you-didnt-realise-were-cgi-98464281421.html|title=15 Movie Scenes You Didn't Realise Were CGI|date=1 April 2015|work=yahoo.com}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/feb/01/maevkennedy|title=Reed named for Bafta award|first1=Maev|last1=Kennedy|first2=|last2=arts|first3=heritage|last3=correspondent|date=1 February 2001|publisher=|accessdate=13 November 2017|website=Theguardian.com}} 42. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/may/16/theobserver.uknews3 |title=Ten-day farewell to king of hellraisers |last=Oliver |first=Ted |date=16 May 1999 |access-date=15 August 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}} 43. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/oliver-reed-given-a-rousing-send-off-in-cork-1.185519 |title=Oliver Reed given a rousing send-off in Cork |last=Hogan |first=Dick |date=17 May 1999 |access-date=15 August 2018 |newspaper=Irish Times}} External links{{Commons category|Oliver Reed}}
13 : 1938 births|1999 deaths|English male film actors|English male television actors|Beerbohm family|Male actors from London|People from Wimbledon, London|Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers|English expatriates in Ireland|People educated at Ewell Castle School|20th-century English male actors|Disease-related deaths in Malta|Male critics of feminism |
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