| 词条 | Adyghe people |
| 释义 |
|group = Adyghe / Adygeans |pop = 250,000 (est) |region1 = {{flagcountry|Russia}}
|pop1 = 124,835 107,048 13,834 584 |ref1 = [1]|region7 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} |pop7 = 600 |ref7 = [2] |region8 = {{flagcountry|Israel}} |pop8 = 4,000[3][4]–5,000[5] |rels =Sunni Islam, Irreligion |langs = Adyghe language, Russian language |related = Other Circassians and Abazgi (Abkhaz, Abazin) }} The ethnonym "Adyghe" ({{lang-ady|Адыгэ/Adygè}}, {{lang-ru|Ады́ги}}) is used as an endonym by the Caucasian-speaking Circassians of the North Caucasus and as a demonym for the inhabitants of the Republic of Adygea, a federal subject of Russia located in the southwestern part of European Russia, enclaved within Krasnodar Krai, where it is also rendered as Adygeans ({{lang-ru|Адыгейцы}}).{{Cref2|a}} The Adygeans (of Adygea) speak the Adyghe language. EthnologyThe Adyge people are one of the Circassian peoples, along with the Cherkess (of Karachay-Cherkessia) and Kabards (of Kabardino-Balkaria), from whom they are geographically separated by the Slav-inhabited Laba region.{{sfn|Minahan|2002|p=36}} The languages of the Adygeans, Cherkess and Kabards are mutually intelligible, however, there is a consensus that these are typologically distinct languages.[6] The standard (literary) Adyghe language is based on the dialect of the Temirgoy tribe.[7] The Adygeans, known as "western Circassians" per Soviet terminology from the 1930s, use a written language separated by Soviet policy from those of the Cherkess ("central Circassians") and Kabards ("eastern Circassians"), despite the possibility to have a unified one. The Adyghe-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast was established in July 1922, "Cherkess" being dropped from the name in August 1936.{{sfn|Olson|Pappas|Pappas|1994|p=152}} The Circassian peoples are divided into tribes or clans (tlapq). There are ten Adyghe tribes (or subgroups),{{sfn|Olson|Pappas|Pappas|1994|p= 15}}{{sfn|Minahan|2002|p=37}} out of which four are identified{{by whom?|date=April 2018}} as speaking mutually intelligible Adyghe dialects: Abzakh, Bzhedug, Temirgoy and Shapsug.{{sfn|Olson|Pappas|Pappas|1994|p= 15}}[7] The Shapsug were counted as a separate ethnic group in the censuses.[9] PopulationAccording to the 2010 census of Russia, the number of self-declared ethnic "Adyghe" is 124,835 (0.09%). The community included 107,048 in Adygea itself (ca. 25% of the republic's population), 13,834 in Krasnodar Krai, 569 in Moscow.[8] The majority of the population in Adygea declare as Russians (63.6%). In 2002 it was estimated that the community numbered 131,000 in all of Russia.{{sfn|Minahan|2002|p=36}} The other closely related groups, Kabards and Cherkess, numbered 516,826 (0.38%) and 73,184 (0.05%), respectively.[8] Those that declared as Shapsug, who speak an Adyghe dialect and are regarded an Adyghe subgroup, numbered 3,882.[8] There is a significant Adyghe diaspora. It was estimated in 1997 that there were 71,000 Adyghe-speakers in Turkey, 44,000 in Jordan, and 25,000 in Syria.[9] History{{main|History of the Circassians}}The political history of the Adyghe in Adygea since the Russian Revolution is complex. On 27 July 1922, a Circassian (Adygea) Autonomous Oblast was established in the Kuban-Black Sea Oblast, which would later become Krasnodar Krai. After several name changes, the Adyghe Autonomous Oblast was established on 3 August 1928. On 5 October 1990, the Adygea ASSR was proclaimed and separated from Krasnodar Krai. On 24 March 1992, it became the Republic of Adygea. A significant population of the Adyghe community now lives in the Black Sea region of Northern Turkey where their culture is preserved in villages in the area.[10] Annotations{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=upper-alpha}}{{Cnote2|a|In Russian, Adygea's Circassian residents are called Adygejtsy ({{lang|ru|Адыгейцы}}, meaning 'those [of the Republic] of Adygea'), whereas the Circassians in general are called Adygi ({{lang|ru|Адыги}}, meaning 'the Adyghe'). In English terminology, on the other hand, many foreigners fail to distinguish between these Russian-specific administrative (former) and ethnolinguistic (latter) terms, and misuse the word Adyghe to refer only to the Adyghe in Republic of Adygea (only a small part of the historical Circassian lands). The majority of the Circassians in Russia today reside in neighbouring regions of Adygea.}}{{Cnote2 End}}References1. ^Официальный сайт Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года {{ru icon}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=Ukraine Census 2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |accessdate=17 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |archivedate=17 December 2011 }} 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Besleney|first1=Zeynel Abidin|title=The Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: A Political History |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317910046 |page=96|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=YQIkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=circassians+in+israel+4,000#v=onepage&q=circassians%20in%20israel%204%2C000&f=false}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Torstrick|first1=Rebecca L. |title=Culture and Customs of Israel |date=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0313320910 |page=46|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=amvQP0MzxRwC&dq=circassians+in+israel+4,000}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1=Louër|first1=Laurence |title=To be an Arab in Israel |date=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231140683 |page=20|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=p4FtAAAAMAAJ&q=circassians+in+israel+5,000&dq=circassians+in+israel+5,000}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hewitt|first1=George|title=North West Caucasian|journal=Lingua|date=2005|volume=115|issue=1–2|page=17|doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2003.06.003}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Michael Fortescue|author2=Marianne Mithun|author3=Nicholas Evans|title=The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4c0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA949|date=29 July 2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-968320-8|pages=949–}} 8. ^1 2 3 2010 census of Russia 9. ^{{cite book|author=Anatole Lyovin|title=An Introduction to the Languages of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6Y-L4ogfhIC&pg=PA57|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508116-9|pages=57–}} 10. ^{{cite web |author= |date= |url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10161/TU |title=Adyghe in Turkey |publisher= |accessdate=2014-09-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/616BvJEEv?url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11&docid=10715289081463 |archivedate=2011-08-21 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Sources
8 : Adygea|Circassians|Ethnic groups in Russia|History of Kuban|Indigenous peoples of Europe|Krasnodar Krai|Muslim communities of Russia|Peoples of the Caucasus |
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