| 释义 |
- List of African-American Officeholders of the United States, 1789–1866
- See also Federal government State and local government
- References
- Bibliography
The United States has had five African-American elected office holders prior to 1867. After Congress passed the First Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 and ratified the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1870, African Americans began to be elected or appointed to national, state, county and local offices throughout the United States.{{sfn|Walton|Puckett|Deskins|(2012)|pp=185–186}} Four of the five office holders served in a New England state. Three officeholders served as a state legislator. - Wentworth Cheswell first served in an elective office in 1776 as a local school board member in Newmarket, New Hampshire. He would serve in elective office until his death in 1817.
- Alexander Lucius Twilight was an American educator, politician, and minister. He was the first African American to earn a college degree from an American College at Middlebury College in 1823. He is the first African American elected to serve in a state legislature. He was elected to the Vermont House of Representatives in 1836. Twilight was also a minister and secondary school principal, building Athenian Hall at the Orleans County Grammar Schools.
- John Mercer Langston
- Edward Garrison Walker
- Charles Lewis Mitchell was one of two African Americans to be elected as a state legislator in Massachusetts in 1866. The other state legislator was Edward G. Walker. He served a one-year term in the Massachusetts House of Representatives.{{sfn|Hewitt|(1991)|pp=453}} During the American Civil War he served in the 55th Massachusetts Colored Volunteer Infantry and lost a foot during the Battle of Honey Hill.{{sfn|Baum|(1983)|pp=62}}
List of African-American Officeholders of the United States, 1789–1866- Political Parties
{{legend2|#EEEEEE|Party affiliation not known|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|{{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}}|Republican|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} See also Federal government{{Portal|Government of the United States|African American}}- African Americans in the United States Congress
- List of African-American United States Representatives
- List of African-American United States Senators
- Congressional Black Caucus
- Congressional Black Caucus Foundation
- List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries
- List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction
State and local government- List of African-American U.S. state firsts
- List of first African-American mayors
References Bibliography- {{cite web|title=Alexander Twilight|url=http://oldstonehousemuseum.org/twilight-bio|publisher=Old Stone House Museum|accessdate=5 January 2013| ref = {{sfnRef|Alexander}}}}
- {{cite journal|last=Baum|first=Dale|title=Woman Suffrage and the "Chinese Question": The Limits of Radical Republicanism in Massachusetts, 1865-1876|journal=The New England Quarterly|date=March 1983|volume=56|issue=1| ref = {{sfnRef|Baum|(1983)}}}}
- {{cite web|last=Cocom|first=Mario de ' y|title=Cheswell|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/cheswell.html|work=Secret Daughter: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families|year=1999|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|accessdate=10 January 2013| ref = {{sfnRef|Cocom}}}}
- {{cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000074|title=Langston, John Mercer, (1829 - 1897)|accessdate=November 24, 2013|publisher=United States Congress|work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress| ref = {{sfnRef|United States Congress}}}}
- {{cite book|last=Fitts|first=James Hill|title=History of Newfields, New Hampshire, 1638-1911|year=1912|publisher=The Rumford Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxIzAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|editor=Carter|accessdate=January 10, 2013| ref = {{sfnRef|Fitts|(1912)}}}}
- {{cite book|last=Hahan|first=Michael|title=Alexander Twilight: Vermont's African American Pioneer|year=1998|publisher=New England Press|location=Shelburne, Vermont|isbn=978-1-881535-31-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VT6HPQAACAAJ| ref = {{sfnRef|Hahan|(1998)}}}}
- {{cite journal|last=Hewitt|first=John H.|title=A Black New York Newspaperman's Impressions of Boston, 1883|journal=The Massachusetts Review|date=Autumn 1991|volume=32|issue=3| ref = {{sfnRef|Hewitt|(1991)}}}}
- {{cite web|last=Hurst|first=Ryan|title=Walker, Edwin Garrison (1830-1901)|url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/walker-edward-garrison-1831-1901|publisher=BlackPast.org: Remembered & Reclaimed|accessdate=5 January 2013| ref = {{sfnRef|Fitts|(1912)}}}}
- {{cite book|last=Smith|first=J. Clay Jr.|title=Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944|year=1993|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780812216851|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lOIjQUG4aoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| ref = {{sfnRef|Hurst}}}}
- {{cite book|last1=Walton Jr.|first1=Hanes|last2=Puckett|first2=Sherman C.|last3=Deskins Jr.|first3=Donald R.|authorlink3=Donald R. Deskins, Jr.|title=The African American Electorate: A Statistical History|year=2012|publisher=Congressional Quarterly Press|isbn=9780872895089|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8zVVp8qJ5sC&dq=the+african+american+electorate+a+statistical+history&source=gbs_navlinks_s| ref = {{sfnRef|Walton|Puckett|Deskins|(2012)}}}}
- {{cite web|last=Winter|first=Kari J.|title=Twilight, Alexander (1795-1857)|url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/twilight-alexander-1795-1857|publisher=BlackPast.org: Remembered & Reclaimed|accessdate=5 January 2013| ref = {{sfnRef|Winter}}}}
{{African-American politics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:African-American officeholders in the United States, 1789-1866}} 4 : African-American politicians|Lists of African-American people|Lists of political office-holders in the United States|Political history of the United States |