| 词条 | African Americans in California |
| 释义 |
History{{Pie chart| caption= Racial/Ethnic Makeup of California treating Hispanics as a Separate Category (2017)[2] | label1 = White Non-Hispanic | value1 = 36.97| color2=#36A | label2 = Black Non-Hispanic | value2 = 5.47 | color1=#6A5 | label3 = Native American Non-Hispanic | value3 = 0.37 | color3=#FF33AC | label4 = Asian Non-Hispanic | value4 = 14.37 | color4=#1A9 | label5 = Pacific Islander Non-Hispanic | value5 = 0.35| color5=#E17720 | label6 = Other Non-Hispanic | value6 = 0.27 | color6=#F0FF00 | label7 = Two or more races Non-Hispanic | value7 = 3.05 | color7=#64ECDF | label8 = Hispanic Any Race | value8 = 39.15 | color8=#9400D3 | footnotes = 0.27% of Hispanics identify as Black People of African-descent first appeared in California from Mexico due to the Spanish Conquest.[3] The first census recorded of African Americans in California appeared in 1850 with 962 people and 1860 with 4,086 people.[4] Then, in 1910 the number rose to 22,000.[5] African Americans totaled to less than one percent of California's population before the Second World War.[5] Post-WWII, African Americans boosted their population enormously in California.[5] The population of African Americans grew slowly with other minorities in California, with only 21,645 African American residents in 1910 compared to two million white residents.[6] California was a net loser of black migration for the first time in three decades. Most California blacks are returning to the south especially Texas and the Atlanta metropolitan area.[7] MediaAfrican American residents of California were first mentioned in 1919 by black Californian historian Delilah Beasley, and later on Rudolph Lapp, others.[5] More information appeared in journals such as The Journal of Negro history and The Journal of African American History. (3)[8] Other Californian publications about African Americans include the California Eagle, California Voice, and Los Angeles Sentinel.[5] EducationAfter a petition sent by African Americans to the Los Angeles Board of Education in 1872, the California Supreme Court ruled Ward v. Floor current segregation in educational practices as unconstitutional, breaching U.S. Constitution's 14th and 15th amendments.[6] African American students in lower education increased from 24 in 1870 to 183 by the late 19th century, and ranked highest performing students in literacy subjects in 1900.[6] In 1994, California's African American students made up about seven percent of higher education, compared to nine percent in the country.[9] References1. ^"U.S. Census Bureau, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates." American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. 2. ^ {{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/B03002/0400000US06|title=B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE - California - 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|date=July 1, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=October 11, 2018}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Quintard|date=2000-01-01|title=African American Men in the American West, 1528-1990|jstor=1048813|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=569|pages=102–119}} 4. ^Bradford, Eric. "Free African American Population in the U.S. : 1790-1860." NCpedia Home Page | NCpedia. Ncpedia, 2008. 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=Shirley Ann Wilson|date=1996-01-01|title=African Americans in California: A Brief Historiography|jstor=25177592|journal=California History|volume=75|issue=3|pages=194–197|doi=10.2307/25177592}} 6. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Marne L.|date=2012-01-01|title=AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN, WEALTH ACCUMULATION, AND SOCIAL WELFARE ACTIVISM IN 19TH-CENTURY LOS ANGELES|jstor=10.5323/jafriamerhist.97.4.0376|journal=The Journal of African American History|volume=97|issue=4|pages=376–400|doi=10.5323/jafriamerhist.97.4.0376}} 7. ^https://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/02/in_a_reversal_more_blacks_movi.html 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Franklin|first=V. P.|date=2006-01-01|title=Introduction: The African American Experience in the Western States|jstor=20064043|journal=The Journal of African American History|volume=91|issue=1|pages=1–3}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|date=1994-01-01|title=Serious Erosion of African-American Enrollment in California Higher Education|jstor=2963084|journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education|issue=3|pages=11–11|doi=10.2307/2963084}} External links
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