“Afrikaans phonology”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Afrikaans phonology

释义

Vowels
Monophthongs The phonetic quality of the close vowels The phonetic quality of the mid vowels The phonetic quality of the open vowels Other notes Nasalized vowels Diphthongs {{IPA|/ɪø, ɪə, ʊə/}}
Further reading

{{selfref|For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Afrikaans for Wikipedia articles, see IPA/Afrikaans.}}{{IPA notice}}

Afrikaans has a similar phonology to other West Germanic languages, especially Dutch.

Vowels

Afrikaans has an extensive vowel inventory consisting of 17 vowel phonemes, among which there are 10 monophthongs and 7 diphthongs. There are also 7 marginal monophthongs.

Monophthongs

Donaldson|1993|pp=2–7}}
	Front			Central				Back
	unrounded		rounded	unrounded		rounded		Back
	short	long	short	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i}}	iː}})	y}}					u}}	uː}})
Mid	ɛ̝\|ɛ}}	ɛ̝\|ɛː}}	ə}}	əː}})	ɞ̝\|œ}}	ɞ̝\|œː}})	ɔ̝\|ɔ}}	ɔ̝\|ɔː}})
Near-open	æ}})	æː}})
Open	a}}					ɑː}}

The phonetic quality of the close vowels

{{IPA|/y/}} tends to be merged with {{IPA|/i/}} into {{IPAblink|i}}.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=5}}
{{IPA|/u/}} is weakly rounded and could be more narrowly transcribed as {{IPA|[u̜]}} or {{IPA|[ɯ̹]}}. Thus, it is sometimes transcribed {{IPA|/ɯ/}}.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=5}}

The phonetic quality of the mid vowels

{{IPA|/ɛ, ɛː, ɔ, ɔː/}} vary between mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɛ̝}}, {{IPAplink|ɛ̝ː}}, {{IPAplink|ɔ̝}}, {{IPAplink|ɔ̝ː}}]}} or close-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e}}, {{IPAplink|eː}}, {{IPAplink|o}}, {{IPAplink|oː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=sections "The unrounded mid-front vowel {{IPA|/ɛ/}}" and "The rounded mid-high back vowel {{IPA|/ɔ/}}"}}
According to some scholars,^[1] the stressed allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} is actually closer than mid ({{IPAblink|ɪ̈}}).{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|pp=4, 6}} However, other scholars^[2] do not distinguish between stressed and unstressed schwas. This article uses the symbol {{IPA|[ə]}} regardless of the exact height of the vowel.
The central {{IPA|/ə, əː/}}, not the front {{IPA|/ɛ, ɛː/}} are the unrounded counterparts of {{IPA|/œ, œː/}}.{{sfnp|Swanepoel|1927|p=38}}{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}} Phonetically, {{IPA|/ə, əː, œ, œː/}} have been variously described as mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ə}}, {{IPAplink|əː}}, {{IPAplink|ɞ̝}}, {{IPAplink|ɞ̝ː}}]}}{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}} and open-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɜ}}, {{IPAplink|ɜː}}, {{IPAplink|ɞ}}, {{IPAplink|ɞː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Wissing|2012|p=711}}
{{IPA|/œ, œː/}} are rather weakly rounded, and many speakers merge {{IPA|/œ/}} with {{IPA|/ə/}} into {{IPAblink|ə}}, even in formal speech.{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}} The merger has been noted in colloquial speech since the 1920s.{{sfnp|Swanepoel|1927|p=39}}

The phonetic quality of the open vowels

In some words such as vanaand {{IPA|/faˈnɑːnt/}} 'this evening', unstressed {{angle bracket|a}} is actually a schwa {{IPA|[ə]}}, not {{IPA|[a]}}.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|pp=4, 6}}
{{IPA|/a/}} is open near-front {{IPAblink|a|a̠}},{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA|/ɑ/}}"}} but older sources describe it as near-open central {{IPAblink|ɐ}}^[3]{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=7}} and open central {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Lass|1984|pp=76, 93–94, 105}}
{{IPA|/ɑː/}} is either open near-back {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ̟ː}} or open back {{IPAblink|ɑː}}. Especially in stressed positions, the back realization may be rounded {{IPAblink|ɒː}}, and sometimes it may be even as high as the {{IPA|/ɔː/}} phoneme. The rounded realization is associated with younger white speakers, especially female speakers of northern accents.{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA|/a/}}"}}

Other notes

As phonemes, {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} occur only in the words spieël {{IPA|/spiːl/}} 'mirror' and koeël {{IPA|/kuːl/}} 'bullet', which used to be pronounced with sequences {{IPA|/i.ə/}} and {{IPA|/u.ə/}} respectively. In other cases, {{IPAblink|iː}} and {{IPAblink|uː}} occur as allophones of {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} respectively before {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|pp=4–6}}
Like {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|/y/}} is phonetically long {{IPAblink|yː}} before {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|pp=5–6}}
{{IPA|/ɛ/}} contrasts with {{IPA|/ɛː/}} only in the minimal pair pers {{IPA|/pɛrs/}} 'press' – pers {{IPA|/pɛːrs/}} 'purple'.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=3}}
Before the sequences {{IPA|/rt, rd, rs/}}, the {{IPA|/ɛ–ɛː/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ–ɔː/}} contrasts are neutralized in favour of the long variants {{IPA|/ɛː/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, respectively.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=7}}
{{IPA|/əː/}} occurs only in the word wîe 'wedges', which is realized as either {{IPA|[ˈvəːə]}} or {{IPA|[ˈvəːɦə]}} (with a weak {{IPA|[ɦ]}}).{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|pp=4, 6–7}}
The sequence {{IPA|/œː.ə/}} is realised as either {{IPA|[œː.ə]}} or {{IPA|[œː.ɦə]}} (with a weak {{IPA|[ɦ]}}).{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=7}}
{{IPA|/œː, ɔː/}} occur only in a few words.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=7}}
As a phoneme, {{IPA|/æ/}} occurs only in some loanwords from English, such as pêl {{IPA|/pæl/}} 'pal', as well as in some words such as vertrek {{IPA|/fərˈtræk/}} 'departure'. As an allophone of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/k, χ, l, r/}}, {{IPAblink|æ}} occurs dialectally, most commonly in the former Transvaal and Free State provinces.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|pp=3, 7}}
As a phoneme, {{IPA|/æː/}} occurs only in some loanwords from English (such as grênd {{IPA|[græːnt]}} 'grand'), as well as before {{IPA|/k/}} in some words. {{IPAblink|æː}} also occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/ɛː/}} before {{IPA|/r/}} and the sequences {{IPA|/rs, rt, rd/}}.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|pp=3, 7}}
{{IPA|/a/}} has been variously transcribed with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|a}}}},^[4] {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɐ}}}}^[5] and {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɑ}}}}.^[6] This article uses {{angle bracket|{{IPA|a}}}}.
{{IPA|/ɑː/}} has been variously transcribed with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɑː}}}}^[7] and {{angle bracket|{{IPA|aː}}}}.^[8] This article uses the former symbol.
In some words, such as hamer, short {{IPA|/a/}} is in free variation with long {{IPA|/ɑː/}} despite the fact that the spelling suggests the latter. In some words, such as laat, the pronunciation with short {{IPA|/a/}} occurs only in colloquial language. In some other words, such as aambeeld {{IPA|/ˈambɪəlt/}} 'anvil', the pronunciation with short {{IPA|/a/}} is already a part of the standard language.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=6}} The shortening of {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has been noted as early as 1927.{{sfnp|Swanepoel|1927|p=22}}
The orthographic sequence {{angle bracket|ae}} can be pronounced as either {{IPA|[ɑː]}} or {{IPA|[ɑːɦə]}} (with a weak {{IPA|[ɦ]}}).{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=6}}

Example words for monophthongs
Short				Long
Phoneme	IPA	Orthography	Gloss	Phoneme	IPA	Orthography	Gloss
/i/}}	/dif/}}	dief	'thief'	/iː/}}	/spiːl/}}	spieël	'mirror'
/y/}}	/ˈsykis/}}	suutjies	'quietly'
/u/}}	/buk/}}	boek	'book'	/uː/}}	/kuːl/}}	koeël	'bullet'
/ɛ/}}	/bɛt/}}	bed	'bed'	/ɛː/}}	/sɛː/}}	sê	'say'
/ə/}}	/kənt/}}	kind	'child'	/əː/}}	/ˈvəːə/}}	wîe	'wedges'
/œ/}}	/kœs/}}	kus	'kiss'	/œː/}}	/rœː/}}	rûe	'backs'
/ɔ/}}	/bɔk/}}	bok	'goat'	/ɔː/}}	/sɔː/}}	sôe	'sows'
/æ/}}	/pæl/}}	pêl	'pal'	/æː/}}	/fərˈtræk/}}	vertrek	'departure'
/a/}}	/kat/}}	kat	'cat'	/ɑː/}}	/kɑːrt/}}	kaart	'map'

Nasalized vowels

In some instances of the postvocalic sequence {{IPA|/ns/}}, {{IPA|/n/}} is realized as nasalisation (and lengthening, if the vowel is short) of the preceding monophthong, which is stronger in some speakers than others, but there also are speakers retaining {{IPA|[n]}} as well as the original length of the preceding vowel.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|pp=3, 5}}

The sequence {{IPA|/ans/}} in words such as dans is realised as {{IPA|[ãːs]}}. In monosyllabic words, that is the norm.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=3}}
The sequence {{IPA|/ɑːns/}} in more common words (such as Afrikaans) is realized as either {{IPA|[ɑ̃ːs]}} or {{IPA|[ɑːns]}}. In less common words (such as Italiaans), {{IPA|[ɑːns]}} is the usual pronunciation.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=3}}
The sequence {{IPA|/ɛns/}} in words such as mens is realized as {{IPA|[ɛ̃ːs]}}.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=3}}
The sequence {{IPA|/œns/}} in words such as guns is realised more often as {{IPA|[œns]}} than as {{IPA|[œ̃ːs]}}.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=5}} For speakers with the {{IPA|/œ–ə/}} merger, these transcriptions are to be read as {{IPA|[əns]}} and {{IPA|[ə̃ːs]}}, respectively.
The sequence {{IPA|/ɔns/}} in words such as spons is realised as {{IPA|[ɔ̃ːs]}}.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=5}}

{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003}} analyze the pre//The Hague dialect">The Hague dialect.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=71}}

Diphthongs

Donaldson|1993|pp=2, 8–10}}{{sfnp|Lass|1987|pp=117–119}}
Starting point		Ending point
Starting point		Front	Central	Back
Mid	unrounded	ɪø, əi}}	ɪə}}
Mid	rounded	œi, ɔi}}	ʊə}}	œu}}
Open	unrounded	ai}}

According to {{Harvcoltxt|Lass|1987}}, the first elements of {{IPA|[ɪø, ɪə, ʊə]}} are close-mid,{{sfnp|Lass|1987|pp=117–119}} more narrowly transcribed {{IPA|[ë, ë, ö]}} or {{IPA|[ɪ̞, ɪ̞, ʊ̞]}}. According to {{Harvcoltxt|De Villiers|1976}}, the onsets of {{IPA|[ɪə, ʊə]}} are near-close {{IPA|[ɪ, ʊ]}}.{{sfnp|De Villiers|1976|pp=56–57}} For simplicity, both variants will be written simply as {{IPA|[ɪø, ɪə, ʊə]}}. {{IPA|[ɪ, ʊ]}} are commonly used for centralized close-mid vowels anyway - see near-close near-front unrounded vowel and near-close near-back rounded vowel.
Some sources prescribe monophthongal {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|øː}}, {{IPAplink|eː}}, {{IPAplink|oː}}]}} realizations of theseelision and intersonorantic {{IPA|[ʋ]}} in Afrikaans

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