| 词条 | Agha Ibrahim Akram |
| 释义 |
| name = A. I. Akram آغا ابراہیم اکرم | caption = | image = Agha Ibrahim Akram.jpg | image_size = 200px | pseudonym = | birth_name = Agha Ali Ibrahim Akram | birth_date = 22 September 1923 | birth_place = Ludhiana, Punjab, British India | death_date = 1989 | death_place = Pakistan | occupation = Army Officer and writer | nationality = Pakistani | genre = Military history | subject = | notableworks = The Sword of Allah Khalid Bin Waleed, The Muslim Conquest of Persia, The Muslim Conquest of Egypt and North Africa | influences = | influenced = | signature = | awards = }}Agha Ali Ibrahim Akram (Urdu: آغا ابراہیم اکرم), (1923-1989) better known as A. I. Akram was a Lieutenant-General in the Pakistan Army and a historian. He wrote books about early Muslim conquests. His most famous book The Sword of Allah is a biography on the Muslim general, Khalid ibn al-Walid. He retired from the Pakistan Army as Lieutenant-General in 1978. He also served as Pakistan's Ambassador to Spain. He was founded the Institute of Regional Studies in 1982 and remained its president till his death in 1989.[1] BiographyA. I. Akram was born in Ludhiana, now in India, on 22 September 1923 to an Indian Police Officer.[2] He graduated from Government College Lahore in 1942 and joined the British Indian Army, being commissioned a second lieutenant in the 13th Frontier Force Rifles on 26 November 1942. By October 1945 he held the rank of temporary Captain, a promotion he received on 1 January 1945.[2] He served in Burma in World War II, and first three Indo-Pakistan Wars.[3][4] With Partition in 1947, he chose to join the Pakistan Army. He taught military history as Colonel and Chief Instructor at Command and Staff College, Quetta from September 1960 to November 1965,[5] during which he acutely felt the lack of detailed, clear and objective literature on Muslim military history. It was at this time when he decided to fill the void himself. His first book, The Sword of Allah, on the life and campaigns of Khalid ibn al-Walid, was published in 1970 after a five years effort, including visits to battle-fields in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. It has two English editions, and has been translated into Urdu, Arabic, German and Bahasa. For several years it was compulsory reading in the Pakistan Army for entrance to the Sraff College and has been on the leadership syllabus in the Malaysian Army. His second book The Muslim Conquest of Persia was published after four years, after visiting the battlefields in Iran and discussions with Iranian scholars. The Muslim Conquest of Egypt and North Africa was his third book, which also took four years of preparations and visits to Egypt and Tunisia. His last book was The Rise of Cordoba, which was published in 1986. To research for writing all these books he learned Arabic, Persian and Spanish and collected an impressive library of historical works.[6] In 1978, he retired from Pakistan Army as a Lieutenant-General after being superseded by General Zia-ul Haq.[7] After that he served as Pakistan's Ambassador to Spain for two and a half years. He founded the Institute of Regional Studies in 1982 and remained its president till his death in 1989.[1] Works
References1. ^1 {{cite book|last=Tikekar|first=Maneesha|title=Across the Wagah: An Indian's Sojourn in Pakistan|year=2004|publisher=Promilla|isbn=978-81-85002-34-7|pages=34|url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=HGqsWktyFcEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} {{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Akram, Agha Ibrahim}}2. ^1 October 1945 Indian Army List 3. ^{{cite book|last=Agha|first=Ibrahim Akram|title=The Muslim Conquest of Spain|publisher=Oxford University Press, Pakistan|location=Pakistan|isbn=978-0-19-597715-8|pages=265}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Interview with General A.I. Akram, 1987 |url=http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/wpna-832494-interview-with-general-a-i-akram-1987-part-3-of-4 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130416051135/http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/wpna-832494-interview-with-general-a-i-akram-1987-part-3-of-4 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=16 April 2013 |work=Pakistan's rivalry and conflicts with India |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation |accessdate=13 February 2012 }} 5. ^http://armystaffcollege.gov.pk/Gallery_CI.php 6. ^{{cite book|last=Agha|first=Ibrahim Akram|title=The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns |edition=3rd |year=2006 |origyear=1970 |publisher=Mr. Books |location=Islamabad |page= back cover |oclc=191257949}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Arif|first=Khalid Mahmud|title=Working with Zia: Pakistan Power Politics, 1977–1988|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=USA|isbn=978-0-19-577570-9|pages=43|url=https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Working_with_Zia.html?id=26TjAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Agha|first=Ibrahim Akram|title=The Sword of Allah: Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns|publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors, India|isbn=978-81-7435-467-9}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Agha|first=Ibrahim Akram|title=The Muslim Conquest of Persia|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Pakistan|isbn=978-0-19-597713-4}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Agha|first=Ibrahim Akram|title=The Muslim Conquest of Egypt and North Africa|year=1977|publisher=Ferozsons Ltd ,Pakistan|location=Pakistan|isbn=978-969-0-00224-2}} 11. ^{{cite book|last=Agha|first=Ibrahim Akram|title=The Muslim Conquest of Spain|publisher=Oxford University Press, Pakistan|location=Pakistan|isbn=978-0-19-597715-8}} 7 : 1923 births|Pakistani generals|1989 deaths|British Indian Army officers|Indian Army personnel of World War II|Pakistani military historians|20th-century historians |
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