| 词条 | Oology |
| 释义 |
HistoryAs a scienceOology became increasingly popular in Britain and the United States during the 1800s. Observing birds from afar was difficult because high quality binoculars were not readily available.[1] Thus it was often more practical to shoot the birds, or collect their eggs. While the collection of the eggs of wild birds by amateurs was considered a respectable scientific pursuit in the 19th Century and early 20th Century,[2] from the mid 20th Century onwards it was increasingly regarded as being a hobby rather than a scientific discipline. In the 1960s, the naturalist Derek Ratcliffe compared peregrine falcon eggs from historical collections with more recent egg-shell samples, and was able to demonstrate a decline in shell thickness.[4] This was found to cause the link between the use by farmers of pesticides such as DDT and dieldrin, and the decline of British populations of birds of prey. As a hobbyEgg collecting was still popular in the early 20th century, even as its scientific value became less prominent. Egg collectors built large collections and traded with one another. Frequently, collectors would go to extreme lengths to obtain eggs of rare birds. For example, Charles Bendire was willing to have his teeth broken to remove a rare egg that became stuck in his mouth. He had placed the egg in his mouth while climbing down a tree.[1] In 1922, the British Oological Association was founded by Baron Rothschild, a prominent amateur naturalist, and the Reverend Francis Jourdain; the group was renamed the Jourdain Society after Jourdain's death in 1940. Rothschild and Jourdain founded it as a breakaway group after egg collecting by members of the British Ornithologists’ Union, was denounced by Earl Buxton at a meeting of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.[3] Poaching lawsIn the UK{{Globalize/UK|section|date=June 2015}}Legislation, such as the Protection of Birds Act 1954 and Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in the United Kingdom, has made it impossible to collect wild birds' eggs legally. In the United Kingdom, it is only legal to possess a wild-bird's egg if it was taken before 1954, or with a permit for scientific research; selling wild birds' eggs, regardless of their age, is illegal.[7]However, the practice of egg collecting, or 'egging', continues as an 'underground' or illegal activity in the UK and elsewhere.[4][4] In the 1980s and 1990s, the fines allowed by the law were only a moderate deterrent to some egg collectors.[5] However, the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 allowed for six months' imprisonment for the possession of the eggs of wild birds[6] and, since it came into force, a number of individuals have been imprisoned, both for possessing and for attempting to buy egg collections.[5] The Jourdain Society continued to meet although membership dwindled after 1994, when a dinner of the society was raided by police, assisted by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). This resulted in six members being convicted and fined.[3] Despite this, some of those who engage in egg collecting show considerable recidivism in their activity. One, Colin Watson, was convicted six times before he fell to his death in 2006, while attempting to climb to a nest high up in a tree.[7] Another individual has been convicted nine times and imprisoned twice[8] and a third has been convicted 51 times, imprisoned four times and barred from entering Scotland during the bird breeding season.[9] The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has been particularly active in fighting illegal egg collection and maintains an investigative unit that collects intelligence on egg collectors and assists police in mounting prosecutions on them, in addition to investigating other wildlife crimes.[3] At one point, RSPB staff were being trained by soldiers from the Brigade of Gurkhas in camouflage skills and in surveillance, map and radio techniques, to better enable them to guard nests of rare birds.[10] In the United Kingdom, to avoid the possibility of prosecution, owners of old egg collections must retain sufficient proof to show, on the balance of probabilities, that the eggs pre-date 1954. However owners of genuinely old collections are unlikely to face prosecution as experienced investigators and prosecutors are able to distinguish them from recently collected eggs.[11] It is illegal to sell a collection, regardless of the eggs' age, so old collections may only be disposed of by giving the eggs away or by destroying them. Museums are reluctant to accept donations of collections without reliable collection data (i.e. date and place that they were collected) that gives them scientific value.[12] In the USIn the United States, the collection and possession of wild bird eggs is also restricted, and in some cases is a criminal act. Depending on the species, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act,[13] the Lacey Act,[14] the Endangered Species Act,[15] or other laws may apply. CollectingMethodsWhen collecting eggs, normally the whole clutch of eggs is taken. Because eggs will rot if the contents are left inside, they must be 'blown' to remove the contents. Although collectors will take eggs at all stages of incubation, freshly laid eggs are much easier to 'blow', usually through a small, inconspicuous hole drilled with a specialized drill through the side of the eggshell. Egg blowing is also done with domestic bird's eggs for the hobby of Egg decorating. Major research collections
Oologists and egg collectors
Oology related publicationsNumerous books, and at one point a journal, have been published on egg collecting and identification:[1]
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Carrol L|title=Oology and Ralph's Talking Eggs|year=2007|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|isbn=0-292-71451-3|pages=200}} 2. ^{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Birdsnesting|volume=3|page=978}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/07/22/130722fa_fact_rubinstein?currentPage=all | title=Operation Easter The hunt for illegal egg collectors | work=The New Yorker | date=22 July 2013 | accessdate=10 November 2013 | author=Rubinstein, Julian}} 4. ^{{cite news|last=George|first=Rose|title=Egg poachers at large|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/apr/07/animalwelfare.environment|work=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=9 November 2011|location=London|date=3 June 2003}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/11/g2.ruralaffairs | title= The egg snatchers | work=The Guardian | date=11 December 2006 | accessdate=October 25, 2012 | author=Barkham, Patrick | location=London}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|title=Egg Collecting|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/policy/wildbirdslaw/wildbirdcrime/egg_collection.aspx|work=Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|accessdate=9 November 2011}} 7. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/may/27/topstories3.mainsection?INTCMP=SRCH | title= The day Britain's most notorious egg collector climbed his last tree | work=The Guardian | date=27 May 2006 | accessdate=October 25, 2012 | author=Wainright, Martin | location=London}} 8. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-505950/Fanatical-collector-wild-birds-egg-jailed-months.html | title=Fanatical collector of wild bird's egg jailed for six months | work=Daily Mail | date=3 January 2008 | accessdate=October 26, 2012 | author=Dolan, Andy}} 9. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2106945/Rare-egg-thief-handed-wildlife-ASBO-year-ban-Scotland.html | title=Rare egg thief handed first wildlife ASBO with a ten-year ban from Scotland | work=Daily Mail | date=27 February 2011 | accessdate=October 26, 2012 | author=Cohen, Tamara}} 10. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2002/may/29/uknews | title=Soldiers train RSPB staff to combat egg thieves | work=The Guardian | date=29 May 2002 | accessdate=October 25, 2012 | author=Brown, Paul | location=London}} 11. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/advice/law/old_collections/ | title=Old egg collections | publisher=Royal Society for the Protection of Birds | work=Advice | date=12 July 2004 | accessdate=November 23, 2012}} 12. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/advice/law/old_collections/disposing.aspx | title=Disposing of old egg collections | publisher=Royal Society for the Protection of Birds | work=Advice | date=30 January 2004 | accessdate=November 23, 2012}} 13. ^{{Cite web|title = Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918|url = http://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/migtrea.html|website = www.fws.gov|accessdate = 2016-01-07}} 14. ^{{Cite web|title = Lacey Act|url = http://www.fws.gov/international/laws-treaties-agreements/us-conservation-laws/lacey-act.html|website = www.fws.gov|accessdate = 2016-01-07}} 15. ^{{Cite web|title = H.R.37 - 93rd Congress (1973-1974): Endangered Species Conservation Act|url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/house-bill/37|website = www.congress.gov|date = 1973-09-18|accessdate = 2016-01-07|first = Dingell,|last = John}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=The Hatching of Oology at the County Museum|url=http://www.sbcounty.gov/museum/media/2005/06-04-05a.htm|publisher=San Bernardino County Museum}} 17. ^{{cite journal |title=The New Museum of Comparative Oology |author=William Leon Dawson |journal=The Condor |volume=18 |issue=2 |date=March–April 1916 |pages=68–74 |publisher=Cooper Ornithological Society |jstor=1362747 |doi=10.2307/1362747}} External links{{Commons category|Bird eggs}}{{Wiktionary}}
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