“Albula/Alvra”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The first mention of the municipality came in 1154, on the occasion of the construction of nunnery named Alvasinis.^[2] It became subordinate to the Princes-Bishop of Chur in 1282. In 1367 it belonged to the municipality of Gotteshausband. The inhabitants finally bought their freedom from the Princes-Bishop in 1732. Nearly the whole community was destroyed in a fire in 1745. It has been the seat of the district of the same name since 1851.

Mon

Mon is first mentioned around 1001-1200 as de Maune. In 1281 it was mentioned as Mans.^[3] Until 1943 Mon was known as Mons.^[4]

Stierva

Stierva is first mentioned in 841 Seturiuo.^[5] Until 1943 Stierva was known as Stürvis.^[4]

Tiefencastel

Tiefencastel is first mentioned in 831 as in Castello Impitinis. Starting around in the 14th Century it was known as Tüffenkasten.^[6]

Alvaneu

Alvaneu is first mentioned in 1244 as Aluenude. In 1530 it was mentioned as Allweneü.^[7]

On 20 March 2007 Peter Martin Wettler, a media expert and resident of Zurich was appointed Prince of Belfort by the village's authorities. He was to serve for one year with a mandate to improve tourism and the local economy.^[8]

Brienz/Brinzauls

By the 12th century the village was an economic center for the Bishop of Chur. The Lords of Brienz were first mentioned as the owners of a fortified tower in the village in 1259. The tower fell in ruin and was demolished in 1880. Until 1851, the village was part of the Herrschaft of Belfort. Between 1869 and 1883 Brienz/Brinzauls and Surava were united into a single political municipality. In 1874, a fire damaged or destroyed much of the village.^[9]

The village church was first mentioned in 840. In 1519 St. Calixtus became the patron saint of this church. In 1526 it separated from the parish of Lantsch/Lenz to become a parish. In 1725 Surava separated from Brienz/Brinzauls to form its own parish.^[9]

In 1870-73 the Landwasserstrasse was built which helped connect the village to the rest of the country. Beginning in the 1960s the number of local farmers began to drop, however agriculture still remains important. In 1990, about 43% of all jobs in the municipality were in agriculture. In 1860 the entire population spoke Romansh. By 1990 it had dropped to only 58%.^[9]

Surava

Geography

Based on the 2009 survey, the former municipalities that make up Albula/Alvra had an area of {{Swiss area|3542|mi=on}}.{{Swiss area data|3542|QUELLE}} Of this area, {{convert|26.37|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} or 28.1% was used for agricultural purposes, while {{convert|43.53|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} or 46.3% was forested. Of the rest of the land, {{convert|2.62|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} or 2.8% was settled (buildings or roads), {{convert|0.99|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} or 1.1% was either rivers or lakes and {{convert|20.46|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} or 21.8% was unproductive land.^[11]

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 0.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.3%. Out of the forested land, 41.3% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.0% is used for growing crops and 8.6% is pastures and 18.5% is used for alpine pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.2% is in lakes and 0.8% is in rivers and streams. Of the unproductive areas, 6.4% is unproductive vegetation and 15.4% is too rocky for vegetation.^[11]

Demographics

The total population of Albula/Alvra ({{as of|{{Swiss populations YM|CH-GR}}|lc=on}}) is {{Swiss populations|CH-GR|3542}}.{{Swiss populations ref|CH-GR}}

Historic population

Climate

Tiefencastel has an average of 98.6 days of rain per year and on average receives {{convert|784|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Tiefencastel receives an average of {{convert|110|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 10.8 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is June, with an average of 11.3, but with only {{convert|92|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of {{convert|35|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation over 10.8 days.^[13]

Heritage sites of national significance

Parts of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes run through the municipality.

The Carolingian-era church of St. Peter Mistail in Alvaschein, the baroque Church of St. Franziskus/S. Francestg in Mon and the parish church of St. Stefan/S. Stefan in Tiefencastel are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. The village of Alvaschein is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.^[14]

The Capuchin built church of St. Franziskus/S. Francestg dates from 1643-48. The frescoes were finished by Johann Rudolf Sturn, but in 1915 were partially painted over. However, following the renovation in 1975, the original frescoes are once again visible.^[3]

The church of St. Stefan/S. Stefan was first mentioned in 1343. In 1650 it was rebuilt and expanded by the Capuchin monks. During this renovation it was given extensive wood carvings and paintings.

References

1. ^Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office {{de icon}} accessed 2 January 2013
2. ^{{HDS|1409|Alvaschein}}
3. ^¹{{HDS|1410|Mon}}
4. ^¹Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office {{de icon}} accessed 23 September 2009
5. ^{{HDS|1412|Stierva}}
6. ^{{HDS|1413|Tiefencastel}}
7. ^{{HDS|1415|Alvaneu}}
8. ^{{cite news |first= Isobel |last= Leybold-Johnson |title= Mountain village converts to a princedom |url= http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/front/detail/Mountain_village_converts_to_a_princedom.html?siteSect=105&sid=7637921&cKey=1174402887000 |newspaper= Swissinfo |date= March 20, 2007|accessdate=24 September 2009}}
9. ^¹²³{{HDS|3243|Brienz/Brinzauls}}
10. ^{{HDS|1418|Surava}}
11. ^¹Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data {{de icon}} accessed 15 January 2015
12. ^Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317185547/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.4%20-%201850-2000/40.4%20-%201850-2000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=4&openChild=trueSwiss |date=2012-03-17 }} {{de icon}} accessed 29 January 2011
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_schweiz/tabellen.html |title=Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961-1990 |accessdate=8 May 2009 |publisher=Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology - MeteoSwiss |language=German, French, Italian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627163841/http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_schweiz/tabellen.html |archivedate=27 June 2009 |df= }}, the weather station elevation is 885 meters above sea level.
14. ^Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501142322/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar.html |date=2009-05-01 }} 21.11.2008 version, {{de icon}} accessed 25-Sep-2009

History

Alvaschein

Mon