Aleinikov (masculine, {{lang-ru|Алейников}}) or Aleinikova (feminine, {{lang-ru|Алейникова}}) is a Russian surname. It is also transliterated as Aleynikov/Aleynikova. Notable people with the surname include:

• Sergei Aleinikov, Belarusian footballer
• Sergey Aleynikov, computer programmer
• Vasili Aleynikov (born 1995), Russian footballer
• Yevgeni Aleinikov, Russian sport-shooter

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