| 词条 | Operation Black Tulip |
| 释义 |
}}{{Expulsion of Germans}} Operation Black Tulip was a plan proposed in 1945, just after the end of World War II, by Dutch minister of Justice Kolfschoten to forcibly deport all Germans from the Netherlands. The operation lasted from 1946 to 1948 and in the end 3,691 Germans (15% of German residents in the Netherlands) were deported. BackgroundAfter World War II, the Netherlands was a country in ruins and the major pre-war trade links with Germany and Indonesia were severed. Because of the importance of trade with Germany, the proposed demand for compensation (25 billion Guilders — ten times the actual damage) was dropped. But there was still a lot of resentment. Many people were arrested, most notably collaborators (NSB). The 25,000 Germans living in the Netherlands were branded as "hostile subjects" (vijandelijke onderdanen). They were to be evicted in three groups in reverse order of entry. The first who had to leave were those who came after the start of the first world war (mostly factory workers), then those who came after 1932 (including political refugees, some of them Jews), and then the rest, many of whom were economic refugees from the 1920s. {{cn|date=December 2015}} TimelineThe operation started on 11 September 1946 in Amsterdam, where Germans and their families were taken from their homes in the middle of the night and given one hour to collect fifty kilograms of luggage. They were allowed to take one hundred Guilders. The rest of their possessions went to the state. They were taken to internment camps near the German border, the biggest of which was Mariënbosch near Nijmegen.[1] The operation ended in 1948, and on 26 July 1951, the state of war with Germany officially ended, the Germans no longer being regarded as state enemies. Scholarship and media coverageAfter the plan was ended, little attention was devoted to it by historians and the media. A 2005 episode of the Dutch TV show Andere Tijden focused on the events, and in 2013 journalist Ad van Liempt, who had worked on the Andere Tijden documentary, published on it in his study of the postwar years Na de bevrijding: de loodzware jaren 1945-1950.[2] See also
Notes1. ^1981) 2. ^{{cite news|title=Tegen alles wat Duits was|last=de Lange|first=Ton|date=6 June 1945|work=Noordhollands Dagblad|language=Dutch}} Literature
External links
12 : Anti-German sentiment in Europe|1945 in the Netherlands|1946 in the Netherlands|1947 in the Netherlands|1948 in the Netherlands|Ethnic cleansing of Germans|Deportation|Post–World War II forced migrations|Aftermath of World War II in the Netherlands|German diaspora in Europe|Germany–Netherlands relations|Aftermath of World War II in Germany |
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