| 词条 | Aleksandr Maksimov (ethnographer) |
| 释义 |
| name = Aleksandr Maksimov | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = 13 August 1872 | birth_place = Oryol | death_date = {{Death-date and age|24 April 1941|13 August 1872}} | death_place = Moscow | nationality = Russian | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = Ethnologist }} Aleksandr Nikolayevich Maksimov ({{lang-ru|Александр Николаевич Максимов}}; 13 August 1872 – 24 April 1941) was a Soviet ethnographer who focused on the history of the family, the clan and the economy. CareerAleksandr Maksimov was born in Oryol on 13 August 1872.{{sfn|Tokarev|1947}} He became a member of the circle formed by A.I. Ryazanov, although he did not immediately adopt the Marxist creeds of its leader.{{sfn|Galai|2002|p=61}} In 1894 he was arrested and deported to Arkhangelsk Governorate. There he became interested on ethnology.{{sfn|Tokarev|1947}} After returning to Moscow, Maksimov was made head of the ethnographic department of the Society of the Aficionados of the Natural Sciences, Anthropology and Ethnography (OLEAE), and for many years contributed book reviews to the Etnograficheskoye Obozreniye, gaining recognition and respect among Russian ethnographers. Between 1900 and 1917 he published a number of papers that attacked the evolutionist view of the way in which kinship and social organizations had developed.{{sfn|Kan|2009|p=186}} He was a professor at Moscow State University from 1919 to 1930, and a bibliographer at the V. I. Lenin State Library from 1919 to 1935. Maksimov died on 24 April 1941 in Moscow.{{sfn|Tokarev|1947}} ViewsMaksimov belonged to the school of ethnologists in Russia that depended on foreign literature for information on hunter-gatherers in other parts of the world, as opposed to those who concentrated on a careful study of ethnic groups within the country. He was an anti-evolutionist.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=10}} In this, he was out of step with Soviet ethnography, which followed the research line of evolutionism.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=91}} Maksimov attended a major gathering of ethnologists in Moscow between 28 December 1909 and 6 January 1910, the largest such meeting in the Tsarist era, where he was a keynote speaker.{{sfn|Kan|2009|p=182-183}} Maksimov argued against evolutionism, going against the views of most of the leading ethnologists present. Although not a field researcher himself, he was suspicious of theoretical generalizations and praised careful, focused studies of specific institutions and peoples in the field.{{sfn|Kan|2009|p=185-186}} In 1926 Maksimov was a consultant to the Soviet of Nationalities, involved in a debate over how to determine which narodnost, or ethnic group, people belonged to in a forthcoming census. A census taker would interview the respondent, but what if the census taker did not believe the respondent's answer?{{sfn|Hirsch|2005|p=117}} Maksimov favored accepting the respondent's answer, and changing the question to say "what narodnost do you consider that you belong to?"{{sfn|Hirsch|2005|p=118}} He felt that this would allow for cases where people had changed their ethnic identification, rather than forcing an identification based on past history.{{sfn|Hirsch|2005|p=119}} Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev was a follower of Maksimov, who believed that an ethnologist should not restrict himself to "primitive" people, but should study people at all stages of development.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=81}} Bibliography
ReferencesCitationsSources{{refbegin}}
|last=Barnard|first=Alan|title=Hunter-Gatherers in History, Archaeology and Anthropology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SU-tuR9t5KoC&pg=PA10|accessdate=2012-08-21 |date=2004-10-15|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-1-85973-825-2}}
|last=Galai|first=Shmuel|title=The Liberation Movement in Russia 1900-1905 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajQ0Y5b5cSMC&pg=PA61|accessdate=2012-08-21 |date=2002-06-27|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52647-0}}
|last=Hirsch|first=Francine|title=Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge & the Making of the Soviet Union |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNV1K8OfdPgC&pg=PA117|accessdate=2012-08-21 |year=2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-4273-5}}
|last=Kan|first=Sergei A.|title=Lev Shternberg: Anthropologist, Russian Socialist, Jewish Activist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XOfZ6ivgY8C&pg=PA182|accessdate=2012-08-22 |date=2009-06-01|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1603-7}}
|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Aleksandr+Nikolaevich+Maksimov |title=A. N. Maksimov. (Obituary) |last=Tokarev |first=S.A. |authorlink=Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev |journal=Sovetskaia etnografiia |volume=6-7 |year=1947}}{{refend}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Maksimov, Aleksandr}} 6 : 1872 births|1941 deaths|Russian ethnographers|Soviet ethnographers|People from Oryol|Moscow State University faculty |
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