| 词条 | Operation Focus |
| 释义 |
| name = Operation Focus |partof = the Six-Day War | image = | caption = Israeli Air Force officers next to a destroyed Egyptian MiG-21 at Bir Gifgafa. | scope = Air strike | planned = | planned_by = IDF | objective = Destroy Egyptian, Jordanian and Syrian aircraft | executed = June 5, 1967 | executed_by = Israeli Air Force | outcome = Decisive Israeli victory
}}{{Campaignbox Six-Day War}} Operation Focus ({{lang-he|מבצע מוקד}}, Mivtza Moked) was the opening airstrike by Israel at the start of the Six-Day War in 1967. It is sometimes referred to as "Sinai Air Strike". At 07:45 on June 5, 1967, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) under Maj. Gen. Mordechai Hod launched a massive airstrike that destroyed the majority of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground. Following Syrian, Jordanian, and Iraqi attacks in retaliation, the Israeli Air Force proceeded to bomb air bases in those countries. By noon, the Egyptian, Jordanian and Syrian Air Forces, with about 450 aircraft, were destroyed. It was also very successful in disabling 18 airfields in Egypt, hindering Egyptian Air Force operations for the duration of the war, and remains one of the most successful air attack campaigns in military history. SummaryIn three main waves of aerial attacks, and several smaller waves in the days following the operation, a total of 452 aircraft were destroyed, most of them on the ground. That left the IAF in almost complete control of the skies, and it was able to assist the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) ground units effectively. The operational success was achieved by concentrating on the initial destruction of the runways with a new kind of weapon, a rocket assisted anti-runway warhead. The prototype French/Israeli anti-runway weapon program uses rocket braking over the target to point the warhead directly toward the runway being attacked; at a set altitude, a second accelerator rocket ignites and drives the warhead through the pavement of the runway before it detonates. The explosion creates a small crater over a large new sinkhole, meaning the damaged runway section must be completely removed before the sinkhole can be repaired rather than a normal bomb crater which is simply filled in and patched. Once the runways were disabled, entire air bases' complements of aircraft were effectively grounded and fell victim to subsequent attack waves, resulting in near-total Israeli air supremacy.[1][2] TimelineJune 5, 1967Egyptian defensive infrastructure was extremely poor, and no airfields were yet equipped with hardened aircraft shelters capable of protecting Egypt's warplanes in the event of an attack. The Israeli warplanes headed out over the Mediterranean before turning toward Egypt. Meanwhile, the Egyptians hindered their own defense by effectively shutting down their entire air defense system: they were worried that rebel Egyptian forces would shoot down the plane carrying Field Marshal Amer and Lt-Gen. Sidqi Mahmoud, who were en route from al Maza to Bir Tamada in the Sinai to meet the commanders of the troops stationed there. In this event it did not make a great deal of difference as the Israeli pilots came in below Egyptian radar cover and well below the lowest point at which Egypt's SA-2 surface-to-air missile batteries could bring down an aircraft.[3] The first Israeli wave attacked 11 bases, catching much of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground and destroying them before they got airborne. The Israeli jets then returned to Israel, were "quick-turned" (refueled and re-armed) in 7 minutes 30 seconds, and left in a second wave that attacked 14 Egyptian bases and returned with only minor losses.[4] They "quick-turned" again and departed in a third wave. The opening stages of Operation Moked were a complete success: Egypt's air force of nearly 500 combat aircraft was destroyed in the space of three hours, with only minor losses to the Israeli Air Force. When Syria, Jordan, and Iraq attacked Israeli targets in retaliation for the airstrike on Egypt, their attacks were mainly directed at civilian targets{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} and were largely ineffectual. In response many of the IAF planes headed for a third strike on Egypt were diverted en route to Syrian and Jordanian targets, and other IAF aircraft were sent against Arab ground forces in support of Israeli ground forces. By the end of the first day of the Six-day War, Israel had complete air superiority over Egypt, the Golan Heights, the West Bank, and the entire Sinai desert.[5] June 6–10, 1967On the second day of the war (June 6) the IAF was used against Egyptian, Jordanian, Syrian, and Iraqi ground forces. On the third day (June 7) the IAF destroyed hundreds of Egyptian vehicles trying to flee across the Sinai in convoys and trapped thousands more in narrow Sinai passes. By the end of the third day Jordan's air force of 34 combat aircraft had essentially ceased to exist and the Jordanian military was no longer in the fight. By the sixth and final day (June 10) Syria had lost approximately 100 combat aircraft and the fighting was over. AftermathDuring the Six-Day War, the Israeli Air Force, with 196 combat[6] aircraft at its disposal had prevailed over a coalition with approximately 600 combat aircraft. The IAF destroyed 452 enemy aircraft, including 79 in air combat, while losing 46 of its own. 24 Israeli pilots and hundreds of Arab pilots were killed.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} Number of aircraft destroyed by aircraft type
Number of aircraft destroyed by country
Totals by waves
Other effectsThe effectiveness of the operation showed how vulnerable fixed air base installations were to aerial attacks at the time. This caused many nations air forces to develop improved defensive measures against it, such as constructing hardened aircraft shelters to protect aircraft on the ground and establishing highway strips as alternative air bases.[7][8] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143921/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80290053/Durandal-BLU-Archived |archivedate=2013-10-19 |df= }} 2. ^"Dassault Mirage: The Combat Log", Salvador Mafe Huertas, page-41, {{ISBN|978-0764301681}} 3. ^Bowen, 2003, pp. 114–115 (author interview with General Salahadeen Hadidi who presided over the first court martial of the heads of the air force and the air defence system after the war). 4. ^{{cite book|last=Eshel|first=Stanley M. Ulanoff, David|title=The fighting Israeli Air Force|date=1985|publisher=Arco Pub.|location=New York|isbn=0-668-05578-2|page=43}} 5. ^"Six Days of War" by Michael Oren (chapter 3) 6. ^Oren 2002, p. 172 7. ^{{Cite book|title=The Oxford History of Modern War|last=Townshend|first=Charles|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780192806451|location=|pages=167}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/siteassets/5-information-och-fakta/historia/vagbaserna/fortv_rapport_2006.1.pdf|title=Svenska reservvägbaser|last=Andersson|first=Lennart|date=2006-11-23|website=|language=Swedish|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} Sources
External links
2 : Six-Day War|Aerial operations and battles involving Israel |
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