“Operation Frankton”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Operation Frankton was a commando raid on shipping in the German occupied French port of Bordeaux in southwest France during the Second World War. The raid was carried out by a small unit of Royal Marines known as the Royal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment (RMBPD), part of Combined Operations inserted by HMS Tuna (N94) captained by Lieutenant-Commander Dick Raikes who, earlier, had been awarded the DSO for operations while in command of the submarine HMS Seawolf.

The plan was for six kayaks (called "canoes" by the British) to be taken to the area of the Gironde estuary by submarine. The twelve men would then paddle by night to Bordeaux. On arrival they would attack the docked cargo ships with limpet mines and then escape overland to Spain. Twelve men from no.1 section were selected for the raid; including the commanding officer, Herbert 'Blondie' Hasler, and with the reserve Marine Colley the total of the team numbered thirteen. One canoe was damaged while being deployed from the submarine and it and its crew therefore could not take part in the mission. Only two of the 10 men who launched from the submarine survived the raid: Hasler, and his no.2 in the canoe, Bill Sparks. Of the other eight, six were executed by the Germans while two died from hypothermia.

Background

The Royal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment (RMBPD) was formed on 6 July 1942, and based at Southsea, Portsmouth.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=25}} The RMBPD was under the command of Royal Marines Major Herbert 'Blondie' Hasler with Captain J. D. Stewart as second in command.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=25}} The detachment consisted of 34 men and was based at Lumps Fort, and often exercised in the Portsmouth Harbour and patrolled the harbour boom at nights.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=25}}^[1]

The Bay of Biscay port of Bordeaux was a major destination for goods to support the German war effort. In the 12 months from June 1941 – 1942 vegetable and animal oils, other raw materials, and 25,000 tons of crude rubber had arrived at the port.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=74}} Hasler submitted a plan of attack on 21 September 1942. The initial plan called for a force of three canoes to be transported to the Gironde estuary by submarine then paddle by night and hide by day until they reached Bordeaux {{convert|60|mi}} from the sea,{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=75}} thus hoping to avoid the 32 mixed Kriegsmarine ships that patrolled or used the port. On arrival they hoped to sink between six and 12 cargo ships then escape overland to Spain.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=75}}

Permission for the raid was granted on 13 October 1942, but Admiral Louis Mountbatten Chief of Combined operations increased the number of canoes to be taken to six. Mountbatten had originally ordered that Hasler could not take part in the raid, because of his experience as the chief canoeing specialist, but changed his mind after Hasler (the only man with experience in small boats) formally submitted his reasons for inclusion.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=75}} The RMBPD started training for the raid on 20 October 1942, which included canoe handling, submarine rehearsals, limpet mine handling and escape and evasion exercises.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=75}} The RMBPD practised for the raid with a simulated attack against Deptford, starting from Margate and canoeing up the Swale.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=76}}

Mark II canoes, which were given the codename of Cockle,^[2] were selected for the raid.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=81}} The Mark II was a semi rigid two-man canoe, with the sides made of canvas, a flat bottom, and {{convert|15|ft}} in length. When collapsed it had to be capable of negotiating the narrow confines of the submarine to the storage area then, before it was ready to be taken on deck, erected and stored ready to be hauled out via the submarine torpedo hatch.{{sfn|Rees|2011}} During the raid each canoe's load would be two men, eight limpet mines, three sets of paddles, a compass, a depth sounding reel, repair bag, torch, camouflage net, waterproof watch, fishing line, two hand grenades, rations and water for six days, a spanner to activate the mines and a magnet to hold the canoe against the side of cargo ships. The total safe load for the 'Cockle' Mark 2 was 480lbs.{{sfn|Rees|2011}} The men also carried a .45 ACP pistol and a Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=76}}

The men selected to go on the raid were divided into two divisions, each having their own targets.

A thirteenth man was taken as a reserve, Marine Norman Colley.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=76}}

Mission

On 30 November 1942 under the Command of Lieutenant-Commander Dick Raikes DSO the Royal Navy submarine {{HMS|Tuna|N94}} sailed from Holy Loch in Scotland with the six canoes and raiders on board.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=76}} The submarine was supposed to reach the Gironde estuary and the mission was scheduled to start on 6 December 1942. This was delayed because of bad weather en route and the need to negotiate a minefield.{{sfn|Cohen|2005|p=93}} By 7 December 1942 the submarine had reached the Gironde estuary and surfaced some {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} from the mouth of the estuary. Canoe Cachalot{{-'}}s hull was damaged while being passed out of the submarine hatch, leaving just five canoes to start the raid. The reserve member of the team, Colley, was not needed, so he remained aboard the submarine with the Cachalot crew Ellery and Fisher.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=76}}

According to Tuna's log the five remaining canoes were disembarked at 1930 hours on 7 December. However sources differ on the start time between 1936 and 2022.{{sfn|Southby-Tailyour|1998|p=103}}{{sfn|Ashdown|2012|p=150}} The plan was for the crews to paddle and rest for five minutes in every hour.{{sfn|Rees|2011|p=65}} The first night, 7/8 December, fighting against strong cross tides and cross winds, canoe Coalfish had disappeared. Further on the surviving crews encountered {{convert|5|ft}} high waves and canoe Conger capsized and was lost. The crew consisting of Sheard and Moffatt held on to two of the remaining canoes, which carried them as close to the shore as possible, and had to swim ashore.{{sfn|Rees|2011|p=71}} Carrying on with the raid, the canoes approached a major checkpoint in the river and came upon three German frigates.

Lying flat on the canoes and paddling silently they managed to get by without being discovered but became separated from Mackinnon and Conway in canoe Cuttlefish.{{sfn|Cohen|2005|p=94}} On the first night the three remaining canoes, Catfish, Crayfish and Coalfish, covered {{convert|20|mi|km|0}} in five hours and landed near St Vivien du Medoc.^[1]{{sfn|Rees|2011|p=71}} While they were hiding during the day and unknown to the others, Wallace and Ewart in Coalfish had been captured at daybreak near the Pointe de Grave lighthouse where they had come ashore.^[1]{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=79}} By the end of the second night, 8/9 December, the two remaining canoes Catfish and Crayfish had paddled a further {{convert|22|mi|km|0}} in six hours.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=78}} The third night, 9/10 December, they paddled {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} and on the fourth night, 10/11 December, because of the strong ebb tide they only managed to cover {{convert|9|mi|km|0}}.{{sfn|Rees|2011|p=71}} The original plan had called for the raid to be carried out on 10 December, but Hasler now changed the plan. Because of the strength of the ebb tide they still had a short distance to paddle, so Hasler ordered they hide for another day and set off to and reach Bordeaux on the night of 11/12 December.{{sfn|Rees|2011|p=71}}

After a night's rest, the men spent the day preparing their equipment and limpet mines which were set to detonate at 21:00 {{citation needed|date=December 2015}} hours. Hasler decided that Catfish would cover the western side of the docks and Crayfish the eastern side.^[3]

Bordeaux

The two remaining canoes, Catfish and Crayfish, reached Bordeaux on the fifth night, 11/12 December; the river was flat calm and there was a clear sky. The attack started at 21:00 hours 11 December, Hasler and Sparks in Catfish attacking shipping on the western side of the dock, placed eight limpet mines on four vessels including a Sperrbrecher patrol boat. A sentry on the deck of the Sperrbrecher, apparently spotting something, shone his torch down toward the water, but the camouflaged canoe evaded detection in the darkness. They had planted all their mines and left the harbour with the ebb tide at 00:45 hours.{{sfn|Rees|2011|p=71}}^[3] At the same time Laver and Mills in Crayfish had reached the eastern side of the dock without finding any targets, so returned to deal with the ships docked at Bassens. They placed eight limpet mines on two vessels, five on a large cargo ship and three on a small liner.^[3]

On their way downriver the two canoes met by chance on the île Cazeau. They continued down river together until 06:00 hours when they beached their canoes near St Genes de Blaye and tried to hide them by sinking them.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=78}} The two crews then set out separately, on foot, for the Spanish border.^[3] After two days Laver and Mills were apprehended at Montlieu-la-Garde by the Gendarmerie and handed over to the Germans.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=78}} Hasler and Sparks arrived at the French town of Ruffec, {{convert|100|mi}} from where they had beached their canoe, on 18 December 1942.{{sfn|Rees|2011|p=129}} They made contact with someone from the French Resistance at the Hotel de la Toque Blanche and were then taken to a local farm. They spent the next 18 days{{sfn|Rees|2011|pp=134–138}} there in hiding. They were then guided across the Pyrenees into Spain.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=78}}

It was not until 23 February 1943 that Combined Operations Headquarters heard via a secret message sent by Mary Lindell to the War Office,{{sfn|Rees|2011|p=141}} that Hasler and Sparks were safe. On 2 April 1943 Hasler arrived back in Britain by air from Gibraltar, having passed through the French Resistance escape organisation. Sparks was sent back by sea and arrived much later.{{sfn|Rees|2011|p=121}}

Aftermath

On 10 December the Germans announced that a sabotage squad had been caught on 8 December near the mouth of the Gironde and "finished off in combat". It was not until January 1943 in the absence of other information all 10 men on the raid were posted missing, until news arrived of two of them. Later it was confirmed that five ships had been damaged in Bordeaux by mysterious explosions.^[3] This information remained until new research of 2010 revealed that a sixth ship had been damaged even more extensively than any of the other five reported. This research also revealed that the other five ships holed were back in service very shortly afterwards.{{sfn|Rees|2011|loc=p. 142ff with additional info in the 2011 edition}}

For their part in the raid Hasler was awarded a Distinguished Service Order and Sparks the Distinguished Service Medal (DSM).^[4] Laver and Mills were also recommended for the DSM which at the time could not be awarded posthumously, so instead they were mentioned in despatches.{{sfn|Rees|2008|p=80}}

Of the men who never returned, Wallace and Ewart were captured on 8 December at the Pointe de Grave (near Le Verdon) and revealed only certain information during their interrogation,{{sfn|Rees|2011|pp=93–96}} and were executed under the Commando Order, on the night 11 December,{{sfn|Rees|2011|p=119}} in a sandpit in a wood north of Bordeaux and not at Chateau Magnol, Blanquefort. A plaque has been erected on the bullet marked wall at the Chateau, but the authenticity of the details on the plaque has been questioned; indeed given the evidence of a statement by a German officer who was at the execution there can be no doubt that the chateau has no link with Wallace and Ewart.{{sfn|Rees|2011|pp=96–98, 120}} A small memorial can also be seen at the Pointe de Grave, where they were captured. In March 2011 a €100,000 memorial was unveiled at this same spot.{{sfn|Rees| 2011|pp=297–298}} After the Royal Marines were executed by a naval firing squad, the Commander of the Navy Admiral Erich Raeder wrote in the Seekriegsleitung war diary that the executions of the captured Royal Marines were something "new in international law, since the soldiers were wearing uniforms".{{sfn|Bird|2006|p=201}} The American historian Charles Thomas wrote that Raeder's remarks about the executions in the Seekriegsleitung war diary seemed to be some sort of ironic comment, which might have reflected a bad conscience on the part of Raeder.{{sfn|Thomas|1990|pp=212–213}}

After having been set ashore, MacKinnon and Conway managed to evade capture for four days, but they were betrayed and arrested by the Gendarmerie and handed over to the Germans at La Reole hospital {{convert|30|mi}} southeast of Bordeaux, attempting to make their way to the Spanish border. Mackinnon had been admitted to the hospital for treatment for an infected knee.^[1] The exact date of their execution is not known. Evidence shows that Mackinnon, Laver, Mills and Conway were not executed in Paris in 1942 but possibly in the same location as Wallace and Ewart under the Commando Order.^[1]

Sheard and Moffatt were not drowned on the first night but died of hypothermia.{{sfn|Rees|2011|pp=117–119}} The body of Moffatt was found on the Île de Ré on 14 December but Sheard's body is believed to have been recovered and buried elsewhere further up the coastline.{{sfn|Rees|2011|pp=93–120}} Sheard is remembered on the Hero's Stone at his place of birth, North Corner, Devonport.^[5]

The words of Lord Mountbatten, the commander of Combined Operations, are carved into a Purbeck stone at Royal Marines Poole (current headquarters of the SBS): "Of the many brave and dashing raids carried out by the men of Combined Operations Command none was more courageous or imaginative than Operation Frankton".{{sfn|Southby-Tailyour|1998|p=123}}

The bravery of the ‘Cockleshell Hero’ Royal Marine James Conway was honoured with a permanent memorial unveiled on Sunday 10 December 2017 in his home town of Stockport. ([https://www.stockport.gov.uk/news/memorial-to-be-unveiled-for-cockleshell-hero]) ([https://marketingstockport.co.uk/news/stockport-memorial-unveiled-cockleshell-hero/])

Laver (Panel 102 Column 3), Sheard (Panel 74 Column 3 ), Mills (Panel 103 Column 1), Conway (Panel 102 Column 3), Wallace (Panel 102 Column 2), Moffatt (Panel 103 Column 1) and Ewart (Panel 103 Column 1) are commemorated on the Plymouth Naval Memorial

In 1955 a fictionalised version of the story was told in the film The Cockleshell Heroes made by Warwick Films, and starring Anthony Newley, Trevor Howard, Christopher Lee, David Lodge and Jose Ferrer who was also the director. The film was a box office hit in 1956 and was quickly followed by the publication of Brigadier C. E. Lucas Phillips book of the same name. 'Blondie' Hasler had connections with both the film and the book. He hated the title of both and walked away from his role as technical adviser for the former to try and set the matter right in the latter.^[7]^[8]

In June 2002, the Frankton Trail was opened, a walking path which traces the {{convert|100|mi}} route taken through occupied France, on foot, by Hasler and Sparks. The Frankton Souvenir is an Anglo-French organisation, set up to keep alive the story of the raid. It plans to develop the trail, and install explanatory plaques at key points.^[1]

On 31 March 2011 a memorial to the Cockleshell Heroes and three French individuals was dedicated. Made from Portland Stone it was transported across care of Brittany Ferries. The memorial cost about £80,000.{{sfn|Rees|2011|pp=293–298}}

On 1 November 2011, a BBC Timewatch television documentary called "The Most Courageous Raid of WWII" was narrated by Paddy Ashdown, a former SBS officer.{{refn|name=r3|{{Cite web|accessdate=1 November 2011|publisher=BBC|title=The Most Courageous Raid of WWII|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016xjwh}}}} Ashdown describes as "a Whitehall cock-up of major proportions" the fact that there was a duplicate and simultaneous mission to sink the ships in Bordeaux, led by Claude de Baissac of Special Operations Executive, which Hasler's team and Combined Operations knew nothing about because of SOE's policy of secrecy even from other parts of the British Forces; de Baissac was preparing to take explosives onto the ships when he heard the explosions of Hasler's limpet mines. The loss of the opportunity for Hasler and de Baissac to work together to strike an even harder blow against the Germans in a combined operation led to the setting up of a Controlling Officer at Whitehall, responsible for avoiding inter-departmental rivalry, duplication or even conflict.{{refn|{{refn|name=r3}} M. R. D. Foot, Professor of Modern History, Manchester University}}

It is believed that the only surviving Mk{{thinsp|II}} from Operation Frankton, canoe Cachalot, together with other original equipment can be seen at the Combined Military Services Museum, located in Maldon, Essex.

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{Cite web|accessdate=13 May 2010 |publisher=Royal Marines |title=Operation Frankton |url=http://www.royalmarinesregimental.co.uk/histcockmain.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908012310/http://www.royalmarinesregimental.co.uk/histcockmain.html |archivedate=8 September 2008 }}
2. ^{{cite web|author=BBC Hampshire staff|title=Hayling Island's secret canoes author Quentin Rees' interview about canoes and book|date=9 December 2008|publisher=BBC Hampshire|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/hampshire/content/articles/2008/12/08/hayling_canoes_feature.shtml}}
3. ^¹²³⁴{{Cite web|accessdate=13 May 2010|title=Operation Frankton|publisher=Combined Operations|url=http://www.combinedops.com/Cockleshell%20Heroes.htm}}
4. ^{{London Gazette|issue=36072 |date=29 June 1943 |page=2946 |supp=y }}
5. ^{{cite news | url = http://devonportonline.co.uk/millennium_devonport/living/archive/remembrance-ceremony-november-2009/remembrance-service-november-2009.aspx | title =Heroine attends Remembrance Ceremony | work =www.Devonport Online.co.uk | date=11 November 2009}}
6. ^Letter from Louis Mountbatten to the Secretary of the Admiralty, dated 29 Apr 1943
7. ^One Foreword for CHFWitness by Matthew Little, former RMM Archivist and librarian
8. ^{{IMDB title|0049083|The Cockleshell Heroes}}

Background

Mission

Bordeaux

Aftermath

References

Sources

Further reading

External links