| 词条 | Operation Moses |
| 释义 |
HistoryThe operation, named after the biblical figure Moses, was a cooperative effort between the Israel Defense Forces, the Central Intelligence Agency, the United States embassy in Khartoum, mercenaries, and Sudanese state security forces.[3] Years after the operation completed, it was revealed that Sudanese Muslims and secret police of Sudan also played a role in facilitating the mass migration of Ethiopian Jews out of Sudan.[4] Operation Moses was the brainchild of then Associate U.S. Coordinator for Refugee Affairs, Richard Krieger. After receiving accounts of the persecution of Ethiopian Jews in the refugee camps, Krieger came up with the idea of an airlift and met with Mossad and Sudanese representatives to facilitate the Operation.[5][6] After a secret Israeli cabinet meeting in November 1984, the decision was made to go forward with Operation Moses.[7] Beginning November 21, 1984, it involved the air transport by Trans European Airways of some 8,000 Ethiopian Jews from Sudan via Brussels to Israel, ending January 5, 1985. Over those seven weeks, over 30 flights brought about 200 Ethiopian Jews at a time to Israel.[8] Trans European Airways had flown out of Sudan previously with Muslims making the pilgrimage to Mecca, so using TEA was a logical solution for this semi-covert operation because it would not provoke questions from the airport authorities.[9] Before this operation, there were approximately as few as 250 Ethiopian immigrants in Israel.[10] Thousands of Beta Israel had fled Ethiopia on foot for refugee camps in Sudan, a journey which usually took anywhere from two weeks to a month.[11] It is estimated as many as 4,000 died during the trek, due to violence and illness along the way. Sudan secretly allowed Israel to evacuate the refugees. Two days after the airlifts began, Jewish journalists wrote about “the mass rescue of thousands of Ethiopian Jews.”[12] Operation Moses ended on Friday, January 5, 1985, after Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres held a press conference confirming the airlift while asking people not to talk about it. Sudan killed the airlift moments after Peres stopped speaking, ending it prematurely as the news began to reach their Arab allies.[13] Once the story broke in the media, Arab countries pressured Sudan to stop the airlift. Although thousands made it successfully to Israel, many children died in the camps or during the flight to Israel, and it was reported that their parents brought their bodies down from the aircraft with them.[14] Some 1,000 Ethiopian Jews were left behind, approximately 500 of whom were evacuated later in the U.S.-led Operation Joshua.[15] More than 1,000 so-called "orphans of circumstance" existed in Israel, children separated from their families still in Africa, until five years later Operation Solomon took 14,324 more Jews to Israel in 1991.[16] Operation Solomon in 1991 cost Israel $26 million to pay off the dictator-led government, while Operation Moses had been the least expensive of all rescue operations undertaken by Israel to aid Jews in other countries.[17] Cultural referencesThis operation was the subject of an Israeli-French film titled Live and Become, directed by Romanian-born Radu Mihăileanu. The film centers on an Ethiopian child whose Christian mother passes him as a Jew so he can immigrate to Israel along with the Jews in order to escape the famine that is looming in Ethiopia. The film went on to win the 2005 award for Best Film at the Copenhagen International Film Festival.[18] In the book World War Z by Max Brooks, the evacuation of African Jews to Israel in response to the outbreak of the titular epidemic is referred to as Operation Moses II. See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_moses.html |title=Operation Moses |publisher=Historyofwar.org |date= |accessdate=2013-08-31}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Lenhoff|first=Howard|title=Black Jews, Jews, and Other Heroes: How Grassroots Activism Led to the Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews|year=2007|publisher=Gefen Publishing House|isbn=978-9652293657|page=263}} 3. ^Aliyah through Sudan {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206203622/http://www.iaej.co.il/newsite/content.asp?pageid=449&lang=en |date=2010-12-06 }} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Lenhoff|first=Howard|title=Black Jews, Jews, and Other Heroes: How Grassroots Activism Led to the Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews|year=2007|publisher=Gefen Publishing House|isbn=978-9652293657|page=214}} 5. ^{{cite web|last1=Bard|first1=Mitchell|last2=Lenhoff|first2=Howard|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/ejus.html|title=Ethiopian Jewry: America's Role in the Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry|work= Jewishvirtuallibrary.org|accessdate=24 May 2016}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b79tAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=richard+krieger|title=Redemption Song|work=google.com|accessdate=24 May 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Today in History: Operation Moses|url=http://www.idfblog.com/2011/11/21/today-in-history-the-moshe-operation-bringing-thousand-of-jews-to-israel/|publisher=IDF}} 8. ^{{cite web|last=Omer-Man|first=Michael|title=This week in History: Operation Moses begins|url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/InThespotlight/Article.aspx?id=195989|publisher=The Jerusalem Post}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Lenhoff|first=Howard|title=Black Jews, Jews, and Other Heroes: How Grassroots Activism Led to the Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews|year=2007|publisher=Gefen Publishing House|isbn=978-9652293657|page=236}} 10. ^{{cite book|author1=Kaplan, Steven |author2=Salamon, Hagar |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns|year=2004|publisher=Brandeis|isbn=978-1584653271|page=Chapter Five: Ethiopian Jews in Israel: A Part of the People or Apart from the People?}} 11. ^{{cite web|last=Ministry of Immigrant Absorption|title=Operation Moses – Aliyah of Ethiopian Jewry (1984)|url=http://www.moia.gov.il/English/FeelingIsrael/AboutIsrael/Pages/mivtzaMoshe.aspx}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=Lenhoff|first=Howard|title=Black Jews, Jews, and Other Heroes: How Grassroots Activism Led to the Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews|year=2007|publisher=Gefen Publishing House|isbn=978-9652293657|page=264}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=Black Over White: Info on Ethiopian Jews|url=http://cjebaltimore.org}} 14. ^{{cite web|last=Jewish Chronicle|title=Operation Moses Suspended: January 5 1985: The world learns of the rescue of Ethiopian Jews|url=http://www.thejc.com/news/on-day/43249/on-day-operation-moses-suspended}} 15. ^{{cite book|author1=Kaplan, Steven |author2=Salamon, Hagar |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns (Tauber Institute Series for the Study of European Jewry)|year=2004|publisher=Brandeis|isbn=978-1584653271|page=Chapter Five}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/ejhist.html#operation1 |title=The History of Ethiopian Jews |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2013-08-31}} 17. ^{{cite book|last=Lenhoff|first=Howard|title=Black Jews, Jews, and Other Heroes:|year=2007|publisher=Gefen Publishing House|isbn=978-9652293657|page=214}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0388505/|title=Live and Become (2005)|date=1 February 2008|work=IMDb|accessdate=24 May 2016}} External links
Further reading
14 : 1984 in Sudan|1984 in Israel|1985 in Sudan|1985 in Israel|Aliyah operations|Beta Israel|Jewish Agency for Israel|Jews and Judaism in Ethiopia|Non-combat military operations involving Israel|Aerial operations and battles involving Israel|Evacuations|1984 in international relations|Jewish Ethiopian history|Airlifts |
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