| 词条 | Alice Dreger |
| 释义 |
|birth_name = Alice Domurat Dreger |image = Alice Dreger.jpg |image_size = |caption = Alice Dreger giving 2015 address at the International Society for Intelligence Research |birth_date = |birth_place = United States |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = American |fields = Bioethics, humanities |workplaces = Northwestern University, Michigan State University |alma_mater = Indiana University Bloomington, PhD, History and Philosophy of Science, 1995[1] |known_for = Conjoined twinning, intersex or disorders of sex development, social justice, criticism of the feminine essence theory of transsexuality |awards = Fellowship recipient of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, 2015 Holden Award[2] |signature = |footnotes =}}Alice Domurat Dreger ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|r|ɛ|ɡ|ər}}) is a historian, bioethicist, author, and former professor of clinical medical humanities and bioethics at the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois.[3] Dreger engages in academic work and activism in support of individuals born with atypical sex characteristics (intersex or disorders of sex development) and individuals born as conjoined twins.[4] She challenges the perception that those with physical differences are somehow "broken" and need to be "fixed".[5] She has opposed the use of "corrective" surgery on babies whose genitalia are considered "ambiguous". She has criticized the failure to follow such patients in later life, and reported longer-term medical and psychological difficulties experienced by some of the people whose sex is arbitrarily assigned.[4][5] She supported J. Michael Bailey in the face of controversy over his book The Man Who Would Be Queen (2003).[6][7][10] Bailey has been accused of transphobia by promoting psychologist Ray Blanchard's taxonomy of trans women.[8] In an article in 2008 and in her 2015 book Galileo's Middle Finger, Dreger argued that the controversy had gone far beyond addressing the scientific theories presented in Bailey's book to become an attack upon the author, creating an out-of-control spiral of identity politics.[9][4] Dreger has been a featured speaker at TED Talks. She has also worked as a journalist, founding East Lansing Info, a website that covers local affairs in East Lansing, Michigan. [10] [11] EducationDreger received her Ph.D. in History and Philosophy of Science from Indiana University Bloomington in 1995.[1] Early career{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage= | video1 = "Is anatomy destiny", Alice Dreger, TED Talk | video2 = "ISIR 2015 Holden Awards Address", Alice Dreger | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/sex-and-gender-what-we-know-and-don%E2%80%99t-know "Episode 205: Sex and Gender: What We Know and Don't Know"], Science History Institute }}Dreger has taught at both Michigan State University, where she received a Teacher-Scholar Award in 2000,[12] and at Northwestern University (2005-2015).[18] During her doctoral work, Dreger became interested in "how and why it is that scientists and medical doctors work to mediate the relationships between our bodies and our selves" and "why it is we often look to scientists and medical doctors to read or even alter our bodies."[6] In 1995 she published a paper in Victorian Studies examining 19th-century British medical attitudes towards intersex people. In 1998 she published Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex[6] and in 1999, Intersex in the age of ethics. Increasingly, she became engaged in intersex activism as well as scholarship, advocating that doctors accept a wide variety of genital structure rather than "correcting" babies' genitalia to conform to artificially gendered standards.[4] More recently, she has criticized the prenatal use of dexamethasone to normalize female genitalia in cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and tried to charge that its safety has not been sufficiently tested by pediatrician Maria New.[7] However, the FDA found nothing worth pursuing on this topic. In 2004, Dreger published One of us: conjoined twins and the future of normal, an examination of Conjoined twinning and of surgical practice. Described as "a book filled with warmth, humour and unexpected insights", it raises similar issues to her earlier work on intersex people: questioning the ways in which the surgical profession defines "acceptable limits of the normal" and enforces conformity to such norms. She criticizes the lack of long-range follow-up studies of separated children. Dreger also introduces more than twenty sets of conjoined twins, most of whom have adapted happily to the challenges of their situations. One reviewer states that Dreger's intent is to show us the humanity of people whose anatomies differ from ours.[13][14] In The Man Who Would Be Queen (2003) J. Michael Bailey promoted a hotly disputed theory of transsexualism by Ray Blanchard that characterized male-to-female transsexuals into two groups in a way that was seen by many as deeply offensive.[15] In 2008, Dreger published an article in Archives of Sexual Behavior, describing in detail the opposition to Bailey and his work. A major concern for her was the ways in which attacks targeted him as a person and a scholar, rather than addressing his ideas.[4] Dreger asserted that a theory, even if found threatening or offensive, should be judged by its supporting evidence.[18] She also argued against reduction of the controversy to a simple dualism,[4] seeing the ideas and actions of all those involved as "significantly more complicated".[9] As result of the paper, Dreger herself was perceived as attacking trans people, and drawn into an ongoing controversy.[4] In 2009, Dreger received a Guggenheim fellowship to study conflicts between activists and scientists. She has examined a number of conflicts including the controversial career of Napoleon Chagnon. Dreger accepts that scientists, being human, have biases and ideologies. But, she argues, they must "put the truth first and the quest for social justice second" and try to "adhere to an intellectual agenda that [isn't] first and only political".[4] {{quote|Forms of scholarship that deny evidence, that deny truth, that deny the importance of facts, even when performed in the name of good, are dangerous, not only to science and to ethics but to democracy.|Alice Dreger, 2008, quoted in 2015[16]}}Galileo's Middle FingerIn 2015, Dreger published Galileo's Middle Finger, which covered her observations and experiences with controversies in academic medicine, especially those surrounding human sexuality. They include her work with intersex people, the career of Napoleon Chagnon, Dreger's criticisms of Maria New, and her defense of J. Michael Bailey and its consequences.[4][17] The New York Times described Dreger's "smart, delightful book" as "many things: a rant, a manifesto, a treasury of evocative new terms (sissyphobia, autogynephilia, phall-o-meter) and an account of the author's transformation" from activist to anti-activist and back again.[7] The book also received positive reviews from the Chicago Tribune,[18] Chronicle of Higher Education,[6] Salon,[19] and activist and author Dan Savage.[20]However, Galileo's Middle Finger also reignited controversy over her defense of Bailey and her discussion of transgender issues. Her book was removed from consideration for a Lambda Literary Award after complaints. One critic accused Dreger of transphobia, saying that her book promoted the idea that trans women are "just self-hating homosexual men who believe they could have guilt-free sex if they were female and heterosexual men with an out-of-control fetish (autogynephilia)".[21] Dreger protested the removal in an open letter to Lambda Literary Foundation.[22] Dreger herself has since reiterated her articulation of ideas in Galileo's Middle Finger that relate to trans women, stating that she considers both gender and sexuality to be relevant and valid concerns for people, and therefore finds value in Blanchard's dual categorization if not his terminology.[23] {{quote|I want to emphasize that I think both of these developmental paths are perfectly legitimate ways to become women, and regardless of how someone becomes a woman, if she identifies as such, we owe her the respect of recognizing her identity and addressing her appropriately.[23]}}Later careerDreger resigned from Northwestern University in August, 2015, citing censorship issues.[24] The school had ordered her and other editors of Atrium, a bioethics journal, to take down an article about consensual oral sex between a nurse and patient.[25] Although the article was eventually reposted, the university established its own editorial committee to approve future issues of the journal.[26][27] Dreger is the founder of East Lansing Info, a non-profit local journalism web outlet covering the city of East Lansing, Michigan. She currently works as publisher, president, and reporter for East Lansing Info. [11] Selected bibliographyBooks
Journal articles
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.apaonline.org/?whostudiesphilosophy|title=Who Studies Philosophy? - The American Philosophical Association|work=American Philosophical Association|accessdate=9 September 2015|quote= Alice Domurat Dreger, professor, activist, and author Ph.D. (History and Philosophy of Science), Indiana University Bloomington, 1995}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=ISIR 2015 Holden Award Address: Alice Dreger|url=http://www.isironline.org/isir-2015-holden-award-address-alice-dreger/|website=International Society for Intelligence Research (ISIR)|accessdate=October 12, 2015}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/profile.html?xid=17073|title=Alice Dreger Bio |publisher=Northwestern University |accessdate=Apr 28, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419201840/http://www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/profile.html?xid=17073 |archivedate=April 19, 2014 }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal|last1=Meyer|first1=Michal|title=Identity Politics|journal=Distillations|date=2015|volume=1|issue=4|pages=40–43|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/identity-politics|accessdate=26 March 2018}} 5. ^{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.05.017| pmid = 27349148| issn = 1477-5131| last1 = Feder| first1 = Ellen K.| last2 = Dreger| first2 = Alice| title = Still ignoring human rights in intersex care| journal = Journal of Pediatric Urology| volume = 12| issue = 6| pages = 436–437| date = May 2016| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477513116300997}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | author = Bartlett, Tom | date = March 10, 2015 | title = Reluctant Crusader: Why Alice Dreger’s writing on sex and science makes liberals so angry | work = Chronicle of Higher Education | url = http://chronicle.com/article/Reluctant-Crusader/228377/?cid=gn | accessdate = March 14, 2015}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite news|first= David |last= Dobbs| title =‘Galileo’s Middle Finger,’ by Alice Dreger| quote =| newspaper =New York Times| date =April 17, 2015| url =https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/books/review/galileos-middle-finger-by-alice-dreger.html| accessdate =September 8, 2015}} 8. ^{{cite web |last1=Conway |first1=Lynn |title=J. Michael Bailey Investigation |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/LynnsReviewOfBaileysBook.html |website=ai.eecs.umich.edu |accessdate=24 February 2019 |date=28 March 2008}} 9. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Dreger|first=Alice D.|date=2008-04-23|title=The Controversy Surrounding The Man Who Would Be Queen: A Case History of the Politics of Science, Identity, and Sex in the Internet Age|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|language=en|volume=37|issue=3|pages=366–421|doi=10.1007/s10508-007-9301-1|issn=0004-0002|pmc=3170124|pmid=18431641}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ted.com/speakers/alice_dreger.html|title=Speakers Alice Dreger: Historian|publisher=TED|accessdate=Feb 22, 2013}} 11. ^1 {{cite web |title=ELi's Board of Directors |url=https://eastlansinginfo.org/content/elis-board-directors |website=East Lansing Info |accessdate=24 February 2019}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Teacher-Scholar Award|url=https://natsci.msu.edu/faculty-staff/awards/teacher-scholar/|website=Michigan State University|publisher=College of Natural Science|accessdate=11 January 2017}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Kessel|first1=Ross|title=One of Us|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|date=2004|volume=97|issue=12|pages=603–604|doi=10.1258/jrsm.97.12.603|pmc=1079680}} 14. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Sharp|first1=Helen M.|title=One of Us: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal|journal=The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal|date=March 2005|volume=42|issue=2|pages=220|doi=10.1597/04-116.1}} 15. ^{{cite web|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|title=Book Controversy Question & Answer|url=http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/JMichael-Bailey/controversy.htm|website=Northwestern University|accessdate=11 January 2017}} 16. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Bartlett|first1=Tom|title=Reluctant Crusader Why Alice Dreger’s writing on sex and science makes liberals so angry|url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/Reluctant-Crusader/228377/?cid=gn|accessdate=11 January 2017|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=March 10, 2015}} 17. ^{{cite book | last = Dreger | first = Alice Domurat | title = Galileo's middle finger: heretics, activists, and the search for justice in science | publisher = Penguin Press | location = New York | year = 2015 | isbn = 9781594206085 }} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-prj-galileos-middle-finger-alice-dreger-20150326-story.html#page=1|title=Review: 'Galileo's Middle Finger' by Alice Dreger|last=Tribune|first=Chicago|website=chicagotribune.com|access-date=2016-04-06}} 19. ^{{cite news | last= Miller|first= Laura | title = "Galileo’s Middle Finger": When scholars and activists clash over controversial research, we all lose. A feminist historian investigates the high price paid by scholars whose research is politically unpopular. | work = Salon | date = March 7, 2015 | url = http://www.salon.com/2015/03/07/gaileos_middle_finger_when_scholars_and_activists_clash_over_controversial_research_we_all_lose/}} 20. ^{{cite book | title = Galileo's Middle Finger: Editorial Reviews |isbn = 978-1594206085|last1 = Dreger|first1 = Alice Domurat|year = 2015}} 21. ^{{cite news |last=Tannehill |first=Brynn |date=March 25, 2016 |title=Lambda Literary Foundation Snuffs Out Anti-Trans Scandal |url=http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2016/3/25/lambda-literary-foundation-snuffs-out-anti-trans-scandal |newspaper=The Advocate |access-date=April 2, 2016}} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://alicedreger.com/LLF|title=An Open Letter to the Lambda Literary Foundation - Alice Domurat Dreger|website=alicedreger.com|access-date=2016-04-06}} 23. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://alicedreger.com/autogyn|title=Answers to Some Questions about Autogynephilia - Alice Domurat Dreger (June 2015)|website=alicedreger.com|access-date=2016-04-06}} 24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://alicedreger.com/resignation_NU|title=FAQ on my resignation from Northwestern University - Alice Domurat Dreger|website=alicedreger.com|access-date=2016-04-06}} 25. ^{{cite web|last1=Peace|first1=William|title=Head Nurses|url=http://bioethics.northwestern.edu/atrium/articles/issue12/peace.html|website=Atrium|accessdate=16 December 2015}} 26. ^{{cite news | last= Grant |first= Bob | title = Censored Professor Quits | work = The Scientist | date = August 27, 2015 | url = http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/43848/title/Censored-Professor-Quits/}} 27. ^{{cite news | last= Kingkade |first= Tyler | date = September 25, 2015 | title = Noted Author Resigns From Northwestern In Censorship Protest | work = Huffington Post | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/alice-dreger-resigns-northwestern_55dc84c5e4b08cd3359d4f95}} External links
11 : Living people|Bioethicists|Northwestern University faculty|Indiana University Bloomington alumni|Intersex rights activists|American medical historians|Year of birth missing (living people)|Place of birth missing (living people)|Intersex and medicine|Intersex rights in the United States|American women historians |
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