“Oral and maxillofacial surgery”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In several countries oral and maxillofacial surgery is a speciality recognized by a professional association, as is the case with the Dental Council of India, American Dental Association, Royal College of Surgeons of England, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Royal College of Dentists of Canada, Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons and Brazilian Federal Council of Odontology (CFO).

In other countries oral and maxillofacial surgery as a specialty exists but under different forms, as the work is sometimes performed by a single or dual qualified specialist depending on each country's regulations and training opportunities available.

Summary

An oral and maxillofacial surgeon is a regional specialist surgeon treating the entire craniomaxillofacial complex: anatomical area of the mouth, jaws, face, and skull, as well as associated structures.

Depending upon the jurisdiction, maxillofacial surgeons may require training in dentistry, surgery, and general medicine; training and qualification in medicine may be undertaken optionally even if not required.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery is widely recognized as one of the specialties of dentistry. In many countries, however, maxillofacial surgery is a medical specialty requiring both medical and dental degrees, culminating in an appropriate qualification (e.g. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, FRCS, in the UK). All oral and maxillofacial surgeons, however, must obtain a university degree in dentistry before beginning residency training in oral and maxillofacial surgery. In the United States oral and maxillofacial residency programs are either four or six years in duration. Programs that grant the MD degree are six years in duration.

They also may choose to undergo further training in a one or two year subspecialty Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Fellowship Training in the following areas:

The popularity of oral and maxillofacial surgery as a career for persons whose first degree was medicine, not dentistry, seems to be increasing in a few EU countries{{Clarify|date=June 2012|reason="few" or "a few"? Almost opposite meanings}}. However, the public funds spent for 14 years of training are of a major concern for governments. Integrated programs are becoming more available to medical graduates allowing them to complete the dental degree requirement in about three years in order for them to advance to subsequently complete oral and maxillofacial surgical training.^[2]

Surgical procedures

Treatments may be performed on the craniomaxillofacial complex: mouth, jaws, face, neck, and skull, and include:

Anesthesia training

In the United States, oral and maxillofacial surgeons are required to undergo five months of intensive general anesthesia training.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} An additional month of pediatric anesthesia training is also required.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The American Society of Anesthesiologists published a Statement on the Anesthesia Care Team which specifies qualified anesthesia personnel and practitioners as anesthesiologists, anesthesiology fellows, anesthesiology residents, oral and maxillofacial surgery residents, anesthesiologist assistants, and nurse anesthetists.^[3]

Laser applications in OMS

Lasers were first introduced to OMS in the mid-1980s starting with the CO₂ laser.^[4]^[5] The CO₂ (carbon dioxide) laser remains the gold standard for the soft tissue surgery because of the ease of simultaneous photo-thermal ablation and coagulation (and small blood capillary hemostasis).^[5]

In Australia, New Zealand, and North America

Oral and maxillofacial surgery is one of the nine dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association, Royal College of Dentists of Canada, and the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons. Oral and maxillofacial surgery requires four to six years of further formal university training after dental school (i.e., DDS, BDent, DMD or BDS).

In the United States, four-year residency programs grant a certificate of specialty training in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Six-year residency programs grant the specialty certificate in addition to a degree such as a medical degree (e.g., MD, DO, MBBS, MBChB) or research degree (e.g., MS, MSc, MPhil, MDS, MSD, MDSc, DClinDent, DSc, DMSc, PhD). Both four– and six–year graduates are designated US "Board Eligible" and those who earn "Certification" are Diplomats. Approximately 50% of the training programs in the US and 66%^[6] of Canadian training programs are "dual-degree".

In addition, graduates of oral and maxillofacial surgery training programs can pursue fellowships, typically 1–2 years in length, in the following areas:

References

1. ^https://www.iaoms.org/about-us/affiliated-associations/
2. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.tambcd.edu/oralsurgery/residency/residency.html |title = Baylor College of Dentistry: OMS Residency Admission Requirements |accessdate = 2 July 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080508100254/http://www.tambcd.edu/oralsurgery/residency/residency.html |archivedate = 8 May 2008 }}
3. ^Statement on the Anesthesia Care Team {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706043333/http://www.asahq.org/~/media/sites/asahq/files/public/resources/standards-guidelines/statement-on-the-anesthesia-care-team.pdf |date=6 July 2016 }}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Pecaro|first=B. C.|last2=Garehime|first2=W. J.|date=November 1983|title=The CO2 laser in oral and maxillofacial surgery|journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery|volume=41|issue=11|pages=725–728|issn=0278-2391|pmid=6415252}}
5. ^¹{{Cite book |title = Principles and Practice of Laser Dentistry |last = Strauss |first = RA |last2 = Coleman |first2 = M |publisher = Mosby |year = 2011 |isbn = |editor-last = Convissar |editor-first = RA |location = |pages = 234–250 |chapter = Lasers in Major Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |doi = 10.1016/B978-0-323-06206-0.00014-X }}
6. ^J. Gigliotti, N. Makhoul: Demographics, training satisfaction, and career plans of Canadian oral and maxillofacial surgery residents. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2015; 44: 1574–1580.
7. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.facs.org/member-services/join/fellows |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-11-06 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051122/https://www.facs.org/member-services/join/fellows |archivedate=22 September 2017 |df=dmy-all }}