| 词条 | Orcadas Base |
| 释义 |
| name = Orcadas Station | official_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = es | other_name = | settlement_type = Antarctic base | image_skyline = Orcadas Base.jpg | image_caption = Orcadas Base in December 1996 | imagesize = 300 | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_border = no | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = | pushpin_map = Antarctica | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Orcadas Station in Antarctica | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Orcadas Station in Antarctica | pushpin_mapsize =300 | pushpin_relief = yes | coordinates = {{coord|60.738085|S|44.738130|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands Province | subdivision_type2 = Department | subdivision_name2 = Antártida Argentina | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = South Orkney Islands ({{lang-es|Islas Orcadas del Sur}}) | subdivision_type4 = Location | subdivision_name4 = Laurie Island | established_title = Settled | established_date = | established_title1 = Established | established_date1 = 1903 {{small|(by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition)}} | established_title2 = Founded | established_date2 = {{start date|1904}} | extinct_title = Closed | extinct_date = | named_for = | area_magnitude = | area_total_ha = | area_footnotes = | area_urban_ha = | area_urban_footnotes = | area_rural_ha = | area_rural_footnotes = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_ha = | area_note = | elevation_m = 4 | elevation_footnotes = | government_type = Directorate | governing_body = Dirección Nacional del Antártico | leader_title = Operator | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | government_footnotes = | total_type = | unit_pref = metric | population_total = {{bulleted list |Summer: 45 |Winter: 11}} | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = Type | blank_info_sec1 = All year-round | blank1_name_sec1 = Period | blank1_info_sec1 = Annual | blank2_name_sec1 = Status | blank2_info_sec1 = Operational | blank_name_sec2 = Facilities | blank_info_sec2 = | timezone1 = ART | utc_offset1 = -3 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes ={{Infobox lighthouse | name = Destacamento | image_name = | image_width = | caption = | location = Orcadas Base Laurie Island Antarctica | pushpin_map = Antarctica | relief = 1 | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Antarctica | pushpin = lighthouse | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|60.736639|S|44.738806|W|format=dms}} [1] | coordinates_footnotes = | yearbuilt = n/a | yearlit = | automated = | yeardeactivated = | foundation = concrete base | construction = metal skeletal tower | shape = square pyramidal skeletal radio tower with lantern atop[1] | marking = white and red horizontal bands | height = | focalheight = | lens = | currentlens = | lightsource = solar power | intensity = | range = Fl W 3s.[1] | characteristic = | fogsignal = | racon = | admiralty = G1378.5[1] | canada = | NGA = 20363.2[1] | ARLHS = | USCG = | country = | countrynumber = | countrylink = | managingagent = | heritage = | module = }} Base Orcadas is an Argentine scientific station in Antarctica, and the oldest of the stations in Antarctica still in operation. It is located on Laurie Island, one of the South Orkney Islands ({{lang-es|Islas Orcadas del Sur}}), at {{convert|4|m|ft|1|sp=us}} above sea level and {{convert|170|m|ft|0|sp=us}} from the coastline. Established by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition in 1903 and transferred to the Argentine government in 1904, the base has been permanently populated since, being one of six Argentine permanent bases in Argentina's claim to Antarctica, and the first permanently inhabited base in Antarctica. The nearest port is the Argentine city of Ushuaia, which is {{convert|1502|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} away. The base has 11 buildings and four main topics of research: continental glaciology, seismology, sea-ice-zone glaciology (since 1985) and meteorological observations (since 1903). Orcadas was the only station on the islands for 40 years until the British established a small summer base, Cape Geddes Station in Laurie Island in 1946, replaced by Signy Research Station in Signy Island in 1947. It also had the first radiotelegraph in the continent in 1927. The 11 buildings of the station house up to 45 people during the summer, and an average of 14 during winter. HistoryIn 1903 Dr William S. Bruce's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition established Omond House, a meteorological station on Laurie Island. During the expedition, however, the crew became stuck in the ice and, unable to sail off, were trapped in the station for the winter. Bruce left the station in December of that year for Buenos Aires to fix the ship and obtain supplies, leaving meteorologist Robert C. Mossman in charge of the base to continue the observations. Bruce offered to the Government of President Julio Argentino Roca the transfer of the station and instruments for the sum of 5.000 pesos, on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission.[2] He also offered to transport in his ship the appointed personnel back to the station. Bruce had informed the British officer William Haggard of his intentions in December 1903. On 29 December, Haggard sent a note to the Argentine Foreign Minister, Jose Terry, ratifying the terms of Bruce proposition.[2] Roca submitted the matter to the Oficina Meteorologica Nacional (National Office of Meteorology) who advised to accept the offer. On January 2, 1904, the installations were accepted through a presidential decree.[3] The Scotia sailed back for Laurie Island on 14 January 1904 carrying on board Luciano H. Valette, from the Office of Zoology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Edgard C. Szmula, employee of the National Meteorological Office, and Hugo Acuña, from the Ministry of Livestock, who was also designated Postal Chief of the Orkney Islands by the Director General of the National Postal and Telegraphs Office, Manuel Garcia Fernandez. Mossman was left in charge of the expedition, along with William Smith as cook. In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on the South Orkney Islands. On August 26, Haggard sent a letter to Foreign Minister Manuel Montes de Oca reminding him that South Orkneys Islands were British. The British position was that Argentine personnel was granted permission only for the period of one year. Argentine government ignored the note, "considering it out of time".[2] On March 30, 1927, naval non-commissioned officer Emilio Baldoni established the first radio telegraph link with Ushuaia. Up to that point, the Orcadas Base remained isolated from the rest of the world until the yearly relief arrived. The radio station (coded LRT in Argentina) allowed for a permanent communication link. The station depended on the Ministry of Agriculture until Argentine Navy relieved the crew with navy personnel on March 3, 1951. Formal transfer occurred on December 23, 1952, when by presidential decree the base was put under the Service of Maritime Hydrography as Destacamento Naval Orcadas. ClimateUnder the Köppen climate classification system, the station is located under a tundra climate (ETf), very close to an ice cap climate (EF).[4] The base is influenced by the cold Antarctic Circumpolar Current that runs past the Weddell Sea and the strong westerly winds, creating a colder climate than the coastal areas in the northwestern parts of the Antarctic Peninsula.[5] Weather conditions can vary widely from year to year and day to day since low pressure systems frequently pass through the islands, which influences the climate.[5] Mean monthly temperatures range from {{convert|-9.4|C|F|1}} in June to {{convert|1.0|C|F|1}} in February.[5] In summer, the average high is {{convert|2.7|C|F|1}} while the average low is {{convert|-1.1|C|F|1}}.[5] During winter, the average high is {{convert|-4.9|C|F|1}} while the average low is {{convert|-13.0|C|F|1}}.[5] Temperatures can occasionally rise above freezing during winter.[5] When low pressure systems pass to the south of the base, they can result in exceptionally mild temperatures, with the highest temperature recorded being {{convert|15.2|C|F|1}} in 1987.[5] However, when this occurs, the weather is stormy and cloudy with reduced visibility.[5] In contrast, when low pressure systems pass to the north, it results in cold and dry conditions with good visibility, causing temperatures to fall to {{convert|-44.0|C|F|1}}.[5] Fog is a frequent occurrence in the base, averaging 110 days.[5] This can vary from year to year with 1987 being the foggiest year when there were 252 days with fog to only 30 days with fog in 1963.[5] Being located in the path of low pressure systems throughout the year, the base experiences high cloud cover, particularly in summer.[5] December and January are the cloudiest months, averaging 29 cloudy days each month.[5] Winters are less cloudy, averaging 20 cloudy days in June and July.[5] Clear days are extremely rare and are only occur between May to October, averaging 1–3 days.[5] As a result, the base only averages 483.0 hours of sunshine per year or 13.5% of possible sunshine (possibly the lowest on earth), ranging from a low of 9.3% in January to a high of 22.5% in August.[26] December and January are the least windy months, averaging {{convert|19|to|21|km/h|abbr=on}} while August and September are the windiest months, averaging more than {{convert|25|km/h|abbr=on}}.[5] The base is subjected to strong winds throughout the year, with each month averaging 20 days with strong winds (wind speeds above {{convert|46|km/h|abbr=on}}).[5] Occasionally, it can experience gusts above {{convert|150|km/h|abbr=on}}.[5] The average annual precipitation is {{convert|398.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}, which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year.[26] March is the wettest month while June is the driest month.[26] Due to the cold climate and high humidity, snowfall occurs frequently throughout the year.[5] Based on the 1961–1990 period, the base averages 227 days with snow, with February having the least days with snow (averaging 14 days with snow) and May having the most days with snow (averaging 22 days).[5] {{Weather box|location= Orcadas Base (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1903−present) |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes | Jan record high C = 12.0 | Feb record high C = 12.3 | Mar record high C = 10.9 | Apr record high C = 12.6 | May record high C = 8.8 | Jun record high C = 9.8 | Jul record high C = 10.0 | Aug record high C = 9.0 | Sep record high C = 10.5 | Oct record high C = 9.6 | Nov record high C = 12.6 | Dec record high C = 11.6 |year record high C = 12.6 |Jan high C = 3.4 |Feb high C = 3.4 |Mar high C = 2.3 |Apr high C = 0.4 |May high C = -1.8 |Jun high C = -4.4 |Jul high C = -5.3 |Aug high C = -4.0 |Sep high C = -1.9 |Oct high C = 0.4 |Nov high C = 2.3 |Dec high C = 3.0 |year high C = -0.2 |Jan mean C = 1.4 |Feb mean C = 1.4 |Mar mean C = 0.4 |Apr mean C = -1.8 |May mean C = -4.6 |Jun mean C = -7.9 |Jul mean C = -9.3 |Aug mean C = -7.8 |Sep mean C = -5.4 |Oct mean C = -2.8 |Nov mean C = -0.7 |Dec mean C = 0.6 |year mean C = -3.0 |Jan low C = -0.5 |Feb low C = -0.3 |Mar low C = -1.5 |Apr low C = -4.1 |May low C = -7.5 |Jun low C = -11.7 |Jul low C = -13.9 |Aug low C = -12.0 |Sep low C = -9.3 |Oct low C = -5.9 |Nov low C = -3.2 |Dec low C = -1.4 |year low C = -5.9 | Jan record low C = -7.7 | Feb record low C = -7.9 | Mar record low C = -14.4 | Apr record low C = -24.0 | May record low C = -30.2 | Jun record low C = -39.8 | Jul record low C = -36.0 | Aug record low C = -44.0 | Sep record low C = -30.8 | Oct record low C = -27.6 | Nov record low C = -16.7 | Dec record low C = -8.7 |year record low C = -44.0 |precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 43.9 | Feb precipitation mm = 73.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 73.0 | Apr precipitation mm = 73.4 | May precipitation mm = 62.6 | Jun precipitation mm = 52.1 | Jul precipitation mm = 44.8 | Aug precipitation mm = 51.6 | Sep precipitation mm = 48.0 | Oct precipitation mm = 48.2 | Nov precipitation mm = 44.7 | Dec precipitation mm = 46.4 |year precipitation mm = 662.2 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 18 |Feb precipitation days = 20 |Mar precipitation days = 21 |Apr precipitation days = 20 |May precipitation days = 20 |Jun precipitation days = 18 |Jul precipitation days = 17 |Aug precipitation days = 18 |Sep precipitation days = 19 |Oct precipitation days = 20 |Nov precipitation days = 19 |Dec precipitation days = 18 |year precipitation days = 228 |Jan snow days = 20.0 |Feb snow days = 17.7 |Mar snow days = 19.9 |Apr snow days = 23.1 |May snow days = 22.9 |Jun snow days = 22.2 |Jul snow days = 22.7 |Aug snow days = 22.7 |Sep snow days = 23.3 |Oct snow days = 24.3 |Nov snow days = 23.0 |Dec snow days = 20.6 |year snow days = 262.4 |Jan humidity = 85 |Feb humidity = 86 |Mar humidity = 86 |Apr humidity = 86 |May humidity = 85 |Jun humidity = 85 |Jul humidity = 83 |Aug humidity = 84 |Sep humidity = 84 |Oct humidity = 86 |Nov humidity = 86 |Dec humidity = 86 |year humidity = 86 |Jan sun = 47.6 |Feb sun = 38.3 |Mar sun = 34.0 |Apr sun = 25.2 |May sun = 16.9 |Jun sun = 9.7 |Jul sun = 18.3 |Aug sun = 44.1 |Sep sun = 65.8 |Oct sun = 69.1 |Nov sun = 54.8 |Dec sun = 62.7 |year sun = 483.0 |Jan percentsun = 9.3 |Feb percentsun = 9.8 |Mar percentsun = 9.9 |Apr percentsun = 10.1 |May percentsun = 10.8 |Jun percentsun = 15.2 |Jul percentsun = 13.2 |Aug percentsun = 22.5 |Sep percentsun = 21.8 |Oct percentsun = 17.6 |Nov percentsun = 11.2 |Dec percentsun = 12.0 |year percentsun = 13.5 |source 1 = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (temperature 1981–2010, precipitation days 1961–1990, snowy days/humidity/sunshine 1903–1950)[6][7][8] |source 2 = NOAA (precipitation 1961–1990),[9] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[10] |date= August 2010 }} See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite ngall|110|2016|}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://www.ucema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-107.htm | title=Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica Argentina | accessdate=July 6, 2012 | author1=Escude, Carlos |author2=Cisneros, Andres |language=Spanish}} 3. ^{{cite book | title=Cuatro Años en las Orcadas del Sur | publisher=Ediciones Peuser | author=Moneta, Jose Manuel | edition=9th | year=1954}} 4. ^{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |last-author-amp=yes |year= 2007 |title= Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification |journal= Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume= 11 |issue=5 |pages = 1633–1644 |doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |url= http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |issn= 1027-5606}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 {{cite web |url= http://www3.smn.gob.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=elclima&id=68 |language = Spanish |title= Base Orcadas |publisher= Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |accessdate= November 7, 2015}} 6. ^{{cite web| url = https://ssl.smn.gob.ar/dpd/observaciones/estadisticas.txt| title = Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1981-2010| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional| language = Spanish| accessdate = January 18, 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web| url = http://www3.smn.gob.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=elclima&id=5&var=antartida| title = Valores Medios de Temperatura y Precipitación-Antártida: Base Esperanza| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional| language = Spanish| accessdate = March 7, 2017}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/geomagnetism/docs/publications/1951/NationalMeteorologicalServiceofArgentina_1951_470.pdf| title = Datos climatológicos y geomagnéticos Islas Orcadas del Sur| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional| accessdate = March 21, 2015}} 9. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/ANTARCTICA/AA/88968.TXT| title = BASE ORCADAS Climate Normals 1961-1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = March 21, 2015}} 10. ^{{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=37| title = Station Iles Orcades du Sud| publisher = Météo Climat | language = French | accessdate = October 5, 2017}} External links{{Commons category|Orcadas Station}}
8 : Outposts of Antarctica|Argentine Antarctica|British Antarctic Territory|Geography of the South Orkney Islands|1903 meteorology|1903 establishments in Antarctica|Lighthouses in Antarctica|Territorial claims in Antarctica |
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