“Order of the Arrow”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Order of the Arrow (OA) is the National Honor Society of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). The society was created by E. Urner Goodman, with the assistance of Carroll A. Edson, in 1915 as a means of reinforcing the Scout Oath and the Scout Law. It uses imagery commonly associated with American Indian cultures for its self-invented ceremonies. These ceremonies are usually for recognition of leadership qualities, camping skills, and other scouting ideals as exemplified by their elected peers.

Influenced by Scout camp customs, the OA uses "safeguarded" symbols, handshakes, and private rituals to impart a sense of community. Native Americans have criticized the OA's various symbols and "rituals" as cultural appropriation based on non-Native stereotypes of American Indians.^[7]^[8]

Inducted members, known as Arrowmen or Brothers, are organized into local youth-led lodges that harbor fellowship, promote camping, and render service to Boy Scout councils and their communities. Each lodge corresponds to a BSA council in the area. Lodges are further broken down into chapters, which correspond to a district in scouting. Members wear identifying insignia on their uniforms, most notably the OA pocket flap that represents their individual OA lodge and the OA sash worn at official OA functions. The OA program sponsors several events, awards, and training functions.

History

Founding and editing the Order Of The Arrow

In 1915, E. Urner Goodman, a newly hired field executive for the Philadelphia Council, was assigned to serve as director of the council's summer camp at Treasure Island Scout Reservation on the Delaware River. He believed that the summer camp experience should do more than just teach proficiency in Scoutcraft skills; rather, the principles embodied in the Scout Oath and Scout Law should become realities in the lives of Scouts. Along with his assistant camp director, Carroll A. Edson, he started an experimental program, Wimachtendienk ("Brotherhood" in the Lenape language), to recognize those Scouts best exemplifying those traits as an example to their peers.^[9]^[10]

Goodman and Edson decided that a "camp fraternity" was the way to improve the summer camp experience and to encourage older Scouts to continue attending Scout summer camp. In developing this program they borrowed from the traditions and practices of several other organizations. Edward Cave's Boy's Camp Book (1914) was consulted for the concept of a camp society that would perpetuate camp traditions.^[11] College fraternities were also influential for their concepts of brotherhood and rituals, and the idea of new members pledging themselves to the new organization.^[12]^[13] Inspired by Ernest Thompson Seton's previous Woodcraft Indians program, American Indian lore was used to make the organization interesting and appealing to youth.^[14]^[15] Other influences include the Brotherhood of Andrew and Phillip, a Presbyterian church youth group with which Goodman had been involved as a young man, and Freemasonry.

The traditions and rituals of Freemasonry contributed more to the basic structure of the OA ritual than any other organization. In fact, there appears to be no known fraternal organization more faithful in form to Freemasonry than the OA. Familiar terms such as "lodge" and "obligation" were borrowed from Masonic practice, as were most of the ceremonial structures and ritual formulae. Even the early national meeting was called a "Grand Lodge," a Masonic reference.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[12]^[13] Of course, despite several facts—the common intent to impart a sense of obligation to a higher moral authority; that groups such as OA that employ these rituals share many of the moral precepts; and even that there are historical connections to the founders of OA and other organizations to Freemasonry—nothing should imply any political connection to Freemasonry itself.

Goodman and Edson ultimately devised a program where troops chose, at the summer camp's conclusion, those boys from among their number who best exemplified the ideals of Scouting. Those elected were acknowledged as having displayed, in the eyes of their fellow Scouts, a spirit of unselfish service and brotherhood. Edson helped Goodman research the traditions and language of the Lenni Lenape—also known as the Delaware—who previously had inhabited Treasure Island.^[19] The brotherhood of Scout honor campers with its American Indian overtones was a success and was repeated again the following summer at Treasure Island. Those Scouts honored at Treasure Island in 1915 and 1916 would become members of what is now Unami Lodge.^[20]

By 1921, Goodman had spoken to Scout leaders in surrounding states about the honor society, which resulted in multiple lodges being established by Scout councils in the northeastern United States.^[9] The name of the society was changed to Order of the Arrow, and in October 1921, Goodman convened the first national meeting of what at that time was called the "National Lodge of the Order of the Arrow" in Philadelphia—where Goodman was elected as Grand Chieftain.^[21] Committees were organized to formulate a constitution, refine ceremonial rituals, devise insignia, and plan future development.

In the early 1920s, many Scout executives were skeptical of what they called "secret camp fraternities." By September 1922, opposition to the Order of the Arrow was such that a formal resolution opposing "camp fraternities" was proposed at a national meeting of Scout executives. Goodman argued against the motion: "Using the Scout ideals as our great objective", he said, a camp activity that will "further the advancement of those ideals" should not be suppressed.^[22] The motion was narrowly defeated, and the fledgling Order continued as an experimental program throughout the 1920s and 1930s. In 1931, there were OA lodges in 7 percent of BSA councils nationwide. By 1948, about two-thirds of the BSA's councils had established OA lodges.^[22] That year, the OA was also integrated as an official part of the Scouting program.^[23]^[24]

Order in the 21st century

Over the century since the Order of the Arrow's founding, more than one million Scouts and Scouters have worn the OA sash on their uniforms, denoting membership in the Brotherhood. The four stated purposes of the Order of the Arrow are: "(1) Recognize those who best exemplify the Scout Oath and Law in their daily lives and through that recognition cause others to conduct themselves in a way that warrants similar recognition; (2) Promote camping, responsible outdoor adventure, and environmental stewardship as essential components of every Scout’s experience, in the unit, year-round, and in summer camp; (3) Develop leaders with the willingness, character, spirit and ability to advance the activities of their units, our Brotherhood, Scouting, and ultimately our nation; and (4) Crystallize the Scout habit of helpfulness into a life purpose of leadership in cheerful service to

In a new program of national service conducted from June through August 2008, the OA offered ArrowCorps⁵ to both youth and adult Arrowmen.^[26] Described as "one of the largest conservation efforts in Scouting's history" by the Boy Scouts of America, approximately 3,500 Arrowmen converged on five national forests to work on various conservation projects such as building new trails and helping preserve nearly extinct species, as well as removing invasive species, in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service.^[27] The five national forests are: Mark Twain National Forest, Manti-La Sal National Forest, George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, Shasta-Trinity National Forest and Bridger-Teton National Forest.^[28]

With the introduction of the Scouts BSA program on February 1, 2019, unit elections are now permitted in Scouts BSA, Venturing and Sea Scouting units.^[29]

Membership

More than 160,000 youth and adults are members of the Order of the Arrow. ^[30] Unit elections of the OA are allowed in Scouts BSA, Venturing, and Sea Scout units. To be eligible for induction, a youth must have spent at least 15 days and nights camping within the last two years including one long-term camp consisting of at least five consecutive nights, be under the age of 21, hold the Scouts BSA First Class rank, the Venturing Discovery Award, or the Sea Scout Ordinary rank or higher, be approved by their unit leader and be elected by the youth members of their unit.

Adults age 21 or older may be nominated after meeting the camping requirements and being approved by the lodge adult selection committee.

Honorary membership was once bestowed in special circumstances, as with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower, but this practice was officially discontinued in 1953.^[31]

Ordeal

After being elected or nominated, candidates may participate in a call-out ceremony to recognize those Scouts and Scouters that were selected before they attend their Ordeal. The call-out ceremony may be performed at summer camp, a camporee, a call-out weekend or at a unit meeting. Candidates subsequently participate in an Ordeal, intended to emphasize service and selflessness. During the induction, "candidates maintain complete silence, receive small amounts of food, work on camp improvement projects, and are required to sleep alone, apart from other campers, which teaches significant values."^[30] If they succeed in their ordeal the candidates are then welcomed as Ordeal members in a formal Ordeal Ceremony.^[32]^[33]

Brotherhood

Ordeal members are entitled to all the same rights and privileges of membership in the Order as Brotherhood and Vigil Honor members—there are no ranks within the Order. However, moving on to Brotherhood membership offers an opportunity to reaffirm one's commitment to the Order. Arrowmen may "seal" their membership after ten months by demonstrating their knowledge of the traditions and obligations of the OA. They then participate in an induction ceremony and become Brotherhood members.^[9]

While the Ordeal consists primarily of physical impressions, "the Brotherhood ceremony is one of the deeper and quieter mental impressions."^[9]

Vigil Honor

The Vigil Honor is a recognition given to Arrowmen for distinguished contributions beyond the immediate responsibilities of their position or office to their lodge, the Order of the Arrow, Scouting, or their Scout Camp.^[30] The Vigil Honor may be conferred upon Arrowmen who have completed a minimum of two years as a Brotherhood member and have performed exceptional service above and beyond their immediate responsibilities through leadership, exemplary efforts, and dedication. However, under no circumstances should tenure in Scouting or the Order of the Arrow be considered as reason enough for a Vigil Honor recommendation.^[30] Selection is annual and is limited to one person for every 50 members of the lodge,^[30] and members of the Order can be inducted into the Vigil Honor only with the written approval of the National Order of the Arrow Committee.^[30]

As a part of the Vigil Honor induction, each new Vigil Honor member is given a Vigil Honor name in the language of the Lenni Lenape or the language of their local Lodge. An English translation of the Vigil Honor name is also provided, and the name often represents a characteristic of the individual.^[34]

Organization

The Order of the Arrow places great emphasis on being a youth-led organization. Only youth under the age 21 are voting members and are eligible to hold elected offices. Professional and volunteer adults are appointed to non-voting advisory positions at the chapter, lodge, and section levels.

Chapter

The smallest level of organization in the Order of the Arrow is the chapter. The chapter is usually corresponding to a district in the local council. The chapter is led by the elected youth chapter chief, chapter vice chiefs, secretary, and a volunteer adult is appointed as the adviser, the district executive is the professional (staff) adviser. The chapters often hold monthly meetings together.

Lodge

The next largest unit of the OA is the lodge, which is chartered by a local BSA council. The lodge chief is the elected youth leader, the lodge adviser is a BSA adult volunteer appointed by the Scout Executive, and the lodge staff adviser is the council Scout executive or his designated council professional Scouter. The lodge youth officers, consisting of the lodge chief, one or more vice chiefs, a secretary, and a treasurer are responsible for organizing and leading the various programs and activities of the lodge.^[35] Many lodges have standing committees responsible for ceremonies, service projects, publications, unit elections, camp promotions, and dance teams composed of youth members.

Section

Lodges are grouped into sections that are then grouped into regions. The section chief is the elected youth leader, a volunteer adult is appointed as the section adviser, and the area director (or his designate) is the professional (staff) adviser. In addition to the section chief, the section has two additional elected officers. The vice chief and secretary are elected immediately following the election of the section chief at the section's annual business meeting. All sections gather annually at a section conclave held in the late spring or early fall. It is the main duty of the section officers to lead the planning of this weekend with the help of the lodge chiefs in the section.^[36]

Region

The Order of the Arrow is organized into four regions, Central, Southern, Northeast and Western Region; the boundaries of each OA region correspond with the boundaries of the BSA's regions. Each region has an elected region chief, a volunteer adult who is appointed as the region chairman to oversee its region Committee, and an appointed professional (staff) adviser. Each region chief is elected at the national planning meeting the day after the election of the national chief and vice chief by a caucus of the section chiefs from the given region. The members of the region committee consist of the region chief, the region chairman, all national committeemen from the region, and other appointed adult volunteers. Each region annually has a gathering of all section officers and advisers. As a region, they are trained in topics relevant to their jobs. Each region also provides opportunities for Order of the Arrow members to go through a National Leadership Seminar. This weekend course is highly rated and a lasting memory for many members.^[36]

National

The national chief and the national vice chief are selected by a caucus of the section chiefs at the outset of the Order of the Arrow's national planning meeting. At the national level, the OA is headed by the National Order of the Arrow committee of which the national chief and national vice chief are voting members.The national adult leadership includes the volunteer national chairman and the OA director, a professional Scouter.^[36]

Symbols

Arrowmen are identified by a white sash bearing a red arrow that is worn over their right shoulder. An Ordeal member wears a sash with a lone arrow. The Brotherhood member wears a sash bearing an arrow with a red bar at each end of the arrow. A Vigil Honor member wears a sash with the same bars of as the Brotherhood sash at each end of the arrow, and a Vigil Honor triangle on the center of the shaft. Members wear the sash at Order of the Arrow functions and special Scouting activities when members need to be identified as Arrowmen rendering special services. The OA sash is not worn at the same time as the merit badge sash, nor worn folded in the belt.^[37] The sash as a form of recognition dates to the founding of the Order and has a long history of changes in usage and design.^[38]

The OA Universal Ribbon is worn suspended from the right uniform shirt pocket button. Vigil Honor recipients may add the Vigil Honor pin to the ribbon. Lodge affiliation is indicated by the wearing of the lodge emblem (commonly known as a lodge flap), an embroidered patch is worn on the right pocket flap of the uniform shirt. Each lodge flap has a unique design, generally reflecting the name, geography or history of the lodge. Special issues of flaps may be created to commemorate anniversaries and other events and are a popular item for those who engage in Scouting memorabilia collecting.^[39]

Arrowmen also exchange a special handshake as a token of brotherhood, along with other signs and passwords. A signature acronym, WWW, is often depicted in publications, regalia, etc.^[40]

Rituals

Order of the Arrow rituals were once considered to be secret, and consequently, the OA has been viewed by some as a secret society. With the introduction of Youth Protection program guidelines in 1980s, the BSA has made clear that any concerned parent, guardian, or religious leader may view a video of the ceremonies, attend meetings, or read ceremonial texts upon request to a council, district, lodge, or chapter official to assure themselves that there is nothing objectionable.^[41]^[42] Such persons are asked to safeguard the details relating to ceremonies for the sake of the participants. The intent of the provision for parents and religious leaders to be allowed access to ceremonies is to ensure that there is no religious conflict or violations of youth protection guidelines occurring. Parents have long been discouraged in many Lodges from seizing the opportunity to use the provision for photo opportunities with their sons, and some lodges have instituted bans on photography during the ceremonies. Hazing or demeaning initiation pranks are also prohibited by the OA and the BSA.^[41]^[43]

The ceremonies utilize symbolic settings, rites, and principles to convey various Scouting ideals to participants. "The values of the Order of the Arrow, 'a brotherhood of cheerful service,' were passed on during a night-time ceremony: an arrowhead outlined with stones on the ground, candles on the stones, a huge bonfire at the base of the arrowhead, and at the point of the arrow a lectern from which was read, and danced, the story of heroic sacrifice for others."^[44] Ceremonies also utilize the OA song, commonly referred to by its first line of lyrics as Firm Bound in Brotherhood, and titled Order of the Arrow Official Song and The Order of the Arrow Song in the printed music score of official OA publications.^[37]^[45]^[46] It was written in 1921 by OA founder E. Urner Goodman to the Russian hymn tune God Save the Tsar!, composed by Alexei Lvov in the 19th century.^[13]^[47]

Awards

Awards are separate and distinct from the membership levels of Ordeal and Brotherhood. Awards available through the Order of the Arrow include: Vigil Honor, Founder's Award, Distinguished Service Award, Lifetime Achievement Award, Red Arrow Award, E. Urner Goodman Camping Award.^[48]

Events

The national OA committee also sponsors various national service opportunities, the oldest of which is the National OA Service Corps at the national Scout jamborees, at which Arrowmen have helped with many functions including shows and the Outdoor Adventure Program exhibit.^[49]

High Adventure Program

The Order of the Arrow, in its focus on service and humility, sponsors service groups to the four National High Adventure Bases that focus on conservation. Inspired by three gentlemen, Edward Pease, Eugene "Gene" Schnell and Marty Tschetter who gathered at a leadership summit at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1979, the Order of the Arrow High Adventure program was established. Originally starting with the Order of the Arrow Trail Crew at the Philmont Scout Ranch working to build new trails and repair old ones. This expanded to the Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases with the OA Wilderness Voyage, repairing the portage trails in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, and then to Florida National High Adventure Sea Base in 2005 with Ocean Adventure, which works to remove invasive species on some of the Keys and promoting and carrying out of the Bleach watch program in the Florida Keys. After the addition of the third High Adventure Base, the Order of the Arrow implemented the OA Triple Crown Award In the summer of 2009, the OA began the OA Canadian Odyssey program which provided service similar to the OA Wilderness Voyage to the Quetico Provincial Park. In 2014, The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve began hosting the Order of the Arrow Summit Experience ^[50] which gives service to the New River Gorge National River.

National Order of the Arrow Conference

The National Order of the Arrow Conference (NOAC) is a multi-day event which usually takes place on a university campus, bringing together thousands of delegates from OA lodges around the nation for training and activities. NOACs are held every two years, with exceptions made to align the event with significant anniversaries. As a youth-led organization, these national conferences are organized and directed by the elected section and region youth officers, who serve on committees responsible for various conference aspects under the leadership of the conference vice-chief. Events include training for programs, leadership and American Indian culture; competitions in athletics, ceremonies, cooking and American Indian dances; and exhibits on OA history, outdoor activities, and camping. There are also opportunities to talk with national leaders, perform service work and trade patches. Evening shows have different themes, including American Indian culture and recognition of dance competition winners, presentations of awards including the OA Distinguished Service Award and other entertainment.^[49]

Training

In addition to training courses available at a NOAC or section conclave, the OA offers specialized leadership training as weekend events for members: Lodge Leadership Development (LLD), National Leadership Seminars (NLS), and National Lodge Adviser Training Seminar (NLATS). LLD is a one-day or two-day event conducted by a lodge to train their officers and advisers. NLS's are conducted by regions for lodge officers and advisers. Many lodges send key officers to receive training. Typically, each region schedules three or four NLS weekends annually, at geographically dispersed locations within the region. NLATS is a training event for adults, usually held in conjunction with an NLS and conducted by regions, on the role of advisers in the OA.^[51]

National Lodge Adviser Training Seminar (NLATS) / Developing Youth Leadership Conference (DYLC)

Largely considered the adult equivalent of the NLS program, NLATS's primary objective was to provide advanced training to adults in each lodge. NLATS and NLS usually happened concurrently on the same weekend. The events were planned and executed by a staff of adults.

After successful pilots in 2016, the Developing Youth Leadership Conference curriculum began replacing NLATS in early 2017.^[52]

Association with Native American Cultures

Goodman and Edson, the founders of the Order of the Arrow, opted to portray what they saw as Native American characteristics "as a sign of scouting excellence,"^[53] and that the imagery, costuming, titles and imitation rituals "evoked a primitivist exterior Indian Other, vanished from the modern world but still accessible through ritual and its accompanying objects."^[53]

Goodman and Edson established the OA at Treasure Island Scout Reservation as a Scouting honor society "based on a loose interpretation of" Hiawatha and the novel The Last of the Mohicans. Inductions of new OA members at Treasure Island involved OA members meeting around bonfires in their idea of "ritual Indian costume".^[53]

In the past, members of the OA have used face paint, performed dances with religious significance, and used terms now considered objectionable in reference to Native Americans. The OA officially no longer allows these practices, stating that this is in recognition of preferences of Native American groups that found such actions offensive.^[54]

The "Chief Seattle Council" of the OA has written that modern ceremonies conducted by each OA lodge are "influenced by" the history and traditions of the Native American tribes indigenous to the areas the lodge serves.^[55] A 2003 Ceremonial Team Training guide of the "Shawnee Lodge of the OA" advised Arrowmen that among the factors to be considered pertaining to the outfits they design to wear in their rituals, "The first and foremost is respect for Native Americans, especially those whose tribal style you are emulating."^[56]

On July 23, 2018 the National Order of the Arrow Committee announced that they had received "many complaints surrounding these ceremonies from various American Indian tribes due to the manner in which they are conducted as well as the inconsistent nature in which they are performed." and that effective as of January 1, 2019, "lodges and chapters that are asked to conduct Arrow of Light or crossover ceremonies for Cub Scout packs will only be permitted to conduct them using the new approved official ceremonies which can be found in the OA Inductions Portal. These ceremonies are to be conducted in a Scout uniform and are no longer permitted to be done in American Indian regalia."^[57]

Concerns of cultural appropriation

The Order of the Arrow has been protested and criticized for engaging in cultural appropriation and spreading stereotypes of, and racism against, Native Americans.^[7]^[58]^[53]^[59] Concerns have included OA's imitation of Native American ceremonies, regalia, and promotion of stereotypes of Native peoples.^[60]^[61]^[62]^[7]^[59]

In a letter to the State News of MSU, OA member Philip Rice wrote in regard to the National Order of the Arrow Conference being held on the MSU campus: {{quote|For years, the OA’s official logo was a stylized image of a generic “native” face with a swirling headdress. Their logo has since changed to a rough-hewn arrowhead, and although it is better than a dehumanizing image a la CMU’s old “Chippewa” logo or the current Washington Redskins logo, it is still a symbol deliberately and shamelessly appropriated from a stylized stereotype of Native American artifacts. The OA website, as of today, features a prominent image of the “original chief bonnet,” a feather headdress on a young white man’s head. There is nothing “original” about this “bonnet.” It is a symbol stolen from a culture that has absolutely nothing to do with the British tradition of Boy Scouts. Although the Boy Scouts have made some very recent advances toward being more socially aware — just last week the national restriction on openly gay leaders was lifted — their honor society remains guilty of flagrant cultural appropriation and borderline racism.^[63]}}

OA lodges have also been criticized for incorporating into their imitation ceremonies elements from Native American groups of other parts of the U.S., blending together the traditions without apparent recognition or regard to distinctions among Native American groups. Use of Native American sacred objects by Boy Scouts who are not members of that cultural tradition has been observed. This is emphasized by Ozheebeegay Ikwe, a Native American activist:

David Prochaska, professor in the University of Illinois History Department states when addressing the issue of cultural appropriation and the implications of such:

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=2016 Annual Report |date=2016 |publisher=Order of the Arrow |url=http://www.oa-bsa.org/uploads/publications/OA-Annual-Report-2016.pdf}}
2. ^{{cite web |title=NOAC 1998 Memories: A Life of Service |date=August 4, 1998 |publisher=Order of the Arrow |url=http://www.oa-bsa.org/n98live/shows/monday/monday_show.htm}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://oa-bsa.org/article/2019-national-order-arrow-officers-elected|title=2019 National Order of the Arrow Officers Elected |publisher=Order of the Arrow}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://oa-bsa.org/article/2019-national-order-arrow-officers-elected|title=2019 National Order of the Arrow Officers Elected |publisher=Order of the Arrow}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oa-bsa.org/pages/content/ask-the-chairman-how-was-the-new-national-chairman-chosen|title=Ask the Chairman - How was the new national chairman chosen? |publisher=Order of the Arrow}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oa-bsa.org/pages/content/matt-dukeman-selected-as-new-oa-team-specialist|title=Matt Dukeman selected as new OA Team Specialist |publisher=Order of the Arrow}}
7. ^¹²{{cite web |last=Argillander |first=Matthew |title=Indigenous Grad Students Protest Boy Scouts - Protests inspired by a letter-to-the-editor blasting the Scouts’ honor society, Order of the Arrow. Protesters criticized the organization’s appropriation of Native American symbols |publisher=PopularResistance.org |date=August 15, 2015 |url=https://popularresistance.org/indigenous-grad-students-protest-boy-scouts/|accessdate=March 4, 2019|deadurl=no}}
8. ^{{cite web |last=Edelman |first=Gretchen |title=Mich. State students protest Boy Scouts for 'cultural appropriation' |publisher=CampusReform.org |date=August 12, 2015 |url=https://www.campusreform.org/?ID=6722|accessdate=March 4, 2019|deadurl=no|quote=Members of the Indigenous Graduate Student Collective protest cultural appropriation}}
9. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book |title=Order of the Arrow Handbook |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |year=1977 |isbn=0-8395-5000-6}}
10. ^{{cite web |title=Extended History of the Order of the Arrow |publisher=Quelqueshoe Lodge 166 |url=http://www.quelqueshoe.org/index_files/Extended_History_of_the_Order_of_the_Arrow.htm |accessdate=February 7, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119160239/http://www.quelqueshoe.org/index_files/Extended_History_of_the_Order_of_the_Arrow.htm |archivedate=November 19, 2008}}
11. ^{{cite book|last1=Cave|first1=Edward|title=The Boy's Camp Book: A Guidebook Based upon the Annual Encampment of a Boy Scout Troop|date=1914|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company|location=Garden City, NY|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6567202M/The_boy%27s_camp_book}}{{open access}}
12. ^¹{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Ken |title=Brotherhood of Cheerful Service: A History of the Order of the Arrow |edition=3rd |year=2000 |publisher=Order of the Arrow}}
13. ^¹²{{cite book |last=Block |first=Nelson |year=2000 |title=A Thing of the Spirit, The Life of E. Urner Goodman |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}
14. ^{{cite book |author=Peterson, Robert W. |authorlink=Robert W. Peterson (Writer) |title=The Boy Scouts: An American Adventure |publisher=American Heritage |year=1984 |isbn=0-8281-1173-1}}
15. ^{{cite book | title=Kekeenowin of the Wimachtendienk: The Record and Ritual Book of the Order of the Arrow 1915-1948 | publisher=Reliance Media Inc | author=Grove, Dr. Terry | year=2007 | location=Apopka, FL | pages=38 | isbn=9780977653478}}
16. ^{{cite book|last1=Hodapp|first1=Christopher|title=Freemasons for Dummies|date=2013|publisher=Wiley|pages=PT300-PT301|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}
17. ^{{cite web |last=Adkins |first=S.M. |title=Freemasonry, Scouting and the Order of the Arrow |url=http://100megsfree4.com/stimso/oa1.htm |accessdate=March 19, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315065620/http://www.100megsfree4.com/stimso/oa1.htm |archivedate=March 15, 2008}}
18. ^{{cite web |last=Goodwin |first=John R. |title=The Order Of The Arrow, Another Masonic Ritual? |work=Grand Chapter Royal Arch Masons of Virginia |date=January 25, 1997 |url=http://www.vamason.org/ra1753/papers/1arrow.htm |accessdate=March 19, 2008}}
19. ^{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=Robert |title=Celebrating 90 Years of Strong Values and Leadership |work=Scouting |date=January–February 2000 |url=http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0001/a-nasv.html#sbarf |accessdate=October 20, 2007}}
20. ^{{cite book |last=Geller |first=Allan |title=The Brotherhood of Cheerful Service: A Pictorial History of Unami Lodge |publisher=Unami Lodge |location=Philadelphia |year=1983}}
21. ^{{cite web |last=Dordick |first=Bruce |title=Unami Lodge One History |publisher=Cradle of Liberty Council |date=July 4, 2004 |url=http://www.unamilodge.org/history.htm |accessdate=October 16, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003809/http://www.unamilodge.org/history.htm |archivedate=September 27, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}
22. ^¹{{cite book |last=Block |first=Nelson R. |title=A Thing of the Spirit—The Life of E. Urner Goodman |url=|year=2000 |publisher=BSA |location=Irving, Tx |lccn=2001277208}}
23. ^{{cite web |last=Lindgren |first=Jim |title=Honoring a Legacy of Service |work=Scouting |date=January–February 2007 |url=http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0701/a-honr.html |accessdate=October 20, 2007}}
24. ^{{cite web |title=OA Basics: The Order of the Arrow is Scouting's National Honor Society |publisher=Order of the Arrow |url=http://www.main.oa-bsa.org/misc/basics/ |accessdate=October 12, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014053041/http://www.main.oa-bsa.org/misc/basics/ |archivedate=October 14, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}
25. ^{{cite web |title=Purpose and Mission |publisher=Order of the Arrow |url=http://www.oa-bsa.org/annc/opup/opup-09-10.pdf |accessdate=November 23, 2009}}
26. ^{{cite web |title=ArrowCorps⁵ pamphlet |publisher=Order of the Arrow |url=http://ac5.oa-bsa.org/ArrowCorps5_Pamphlet.pdf |accessdate=April 3, 2007}}
27. ^{{cite web |title=ArrowCorps5 |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/arrowcorps5/|accessdate=October 11, 2008}}
28. ^{{cite web |title=Order of the Arrow — ArrowCorps⁵ |publisher=Order of the Arrow |url=http://event.oa-bsa.org |accessdate=January 29, 2008}}
29. ^{{cite web |title=2018 Membership Update |publisher=Order of the Arrow |url=https://oa-bsa.org/article/2018-membership-update |date=May 23, 2018}}
30. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web |title=Membership |date=2019 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |url=https://oa-bsa.org/about/membership}}
31. ^{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth P |title=The Brotherhood of Cheerful Service: A History of the Order of the Arrow |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |isbn=0-8395-4998-9 |location=Irving, Texas |year=1990}}
32. ^{{cite book |last=Untiedt |first=Kenneth L. |title=Inside the Classroom (and Out) |year=2005 |publisher=University of North Texas |isbn=1-57441-202-7 |pages=44–45 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=RO2XKiaH1OUC&pg=PA44}}
33. ^{{cite web |last=Howes |first=Jim |title=History of the Order of the Arrow |year=2007 |url=http://www.atlascom.us/urner.htm |accessdate=February 9, 2009 |publisher=Atlas Communications}}
34. ^{{cite web |title=The Vigil Honor |publisher=Cowikee Lodge |url=http://www.alflcouncilbsa.org/OA_files/OA_Vigil.html |accessdate=February 19, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306171251/http://www.alflcouncilbsa.org/OA_files/OA_Vigil.html |archivedate=March 6, 2009}}
35. ^Order of the Arrow Guide for Officers and Advisers, p. 8.
36. ^¹²{{cite web |title=Field Operations Guide |publisher=Order of the Arrow |page=15|url=http://oa-bsa.org/resources/pubs/FOG-2008.pdf |accessdate=December 4, 2008}}
37. ^¹{{cite book |title=Order of the Arrow Handbook |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |id=#34996|year=2007}}
38. ^{{cite web |title=History of the OA Sash |publisher=OA Sections |url=http://sash.oasections.com |accessdate=July 30, 2008}}
39. ^{{cite web |title=Pocumtuc Lodge Flaps |publisher=Pocumtuc Lodge |url=http://www.pocumtuc.org/ |accessdate=February 19, 2009}}
40. ^{{cite web |title=The Handclasp of the Lodge |publisher=Order of the Arrow |url=http://www.main.oa-bsa.org/qanda/qa-36.htm |accessdate=April 11, 2006}}
41. ^¹{{cite journal |title=Youth Protection Guidelines for adult leaders and parents |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |year=2006 |location=Irving, Texas |quote=Physical hazing and initiations are prohibited and may not be included as part of any Scouting activity ... The BSA does not recognize any secret organizations as part of its program. All aspects of the Scouting program such as Order of the Arrow are open to observation by parents and leaders}}
42. ^{{cite book |title=Order of the Arrow Handbook |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |year=2008 |quote=If after discussing the ceremony with the lodge adviser, the parent, Scout leader or religious leader continues to have questions about the content of the ceremony, that person will be permitted to read the ceremonial text and view the Ordeal's ceremony training DVD. Following this, parents will be in a position to decide whether to allow their son to participate in the ceremony. Nonmembers should not attend the ceremonies.}}
43. ^{{cite news |last=Donchak |first=Lisa |title=The Secret Behind the Order of the Arrow |date=April 10, 2008 |url=http://www.cityonahillpress.com/2008/04/10/the-secret-behind-the-order-of-the-arrow/ |accessdate=January 30, 2012 |work=City on a Hill Press}}
44. ^{{cite book |last=Wicks |first=Robert J. |title=Handbook of Spirituality for Ministers |year=2000 |publisher=Paulist Press |isbn=0-8091-3971-5 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=XT2YK01auKUC&pg=PA171}}
45. ^{{cite book |title=Ceremony for the Brotherhood |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |year=1999 |page=18 |id=34994A}}
46. ^{{cite book |title=Ceremony for the Ordeal |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |year=1999 |page=14}}
47. ^{{cite book |last=Sanchez |first=Diana |title=The Hymns of the United Methodist Hymnal |location=Nashville, Tennessee |publisher=Abingdon Press|year=1989 |isbn=0-687-43149-2}}
48. ^{{cite book |title=Scholarships, Grants and Prizes 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Peterson's |isbn=978-0-7689-2314-8 |page=494 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=sTPhI2F-DAcC&pg=PA494}}
49. ^¹{{cite web |title=National OA Events |publisher=Order of the Arrow |url=http://www.oa-bsa.org/events/ |accessdate=February 9, 2009}}
50. ^High Adventure Service: OA Summit Experience Retrieved August 5, 2016
51. ^{{cite web |title=OA Training Central |publisher=Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America |url=http://training.oa-bsa.org/ |accessdate=March 5, 2013}}
52. ^http://www.oa-bsa.org/pages/content/developing-youth-leadership-conference-info
53. ^¹²³{{cite book|last1=Deloria|first1=Philip J.|title=Playing Indian.|date=1999|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=9780300080674|pages=126, et al|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQFBTKi4aYsC&lpg=PA121&pg=PA126#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=28 Feb 2019}}
54. ^¹{{cite web |title=AIA Team |publisher=Atta Kulla Kulla Lodge, Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America |url=https://akk185.org/programs-2/indian-affairs/|accessdate=November 2, 2017}}
55. ^{{cite web |title=What is the Order of the Arrow? |pages=6, 7|publisher=Chief Seattle Council, Boy Scouts of America |date=2009 |url=http://www.seattlebsa.org/media/resources/index.php?dir=All/What%20is%20the%20Order%20of%20the%20Arrow/&file=What%20is%20the%20Order%20of%20the%20Arrow.pdf|accessdate=November 2, 2017}}
56. ^{{cite web |title=Awake My Friends! A Resource for Ceremonial Team Planning |pages=24, 25 |publisher=Shawnee Lodge, Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America |date=August 31, 2003 |url=http://newhorizons.shawneelodge.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/awake-my-friends.pdf|accessdate=November 2, 2017}}
57. ^{{cite web |title=Official Arrow of Light and crossover ceremonies |publisher=Boy Scouts of America - Order of the Arrow |date=July 23, 2018 |url=https://oa-bsa.org/article/official-arrow-light-and-crossover-ceremonies|accessdate=March 4, 2019}}
58. ^{{cite web |last=Kader |first=Charles |title=Boy Scouts Playing Indians |publisher=Indian Country Today |date=August 25, 2015 |url=https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/opinions/boy-scouts-playing-indians//|accessdate=November 2, 2017}}
59. ^¹{{cite web |last=Keene |first=Adrienne |title=The one stop for all your 'Indian costumes are racist' needs! |publisher=Native Appropriations |date=October 1, 2013 |url=https://nativeappropriations.com/2013/10/the-one-stop-for-all-your-indian-costumes-are-racist-needs.html| accessdate=March 4, 2019|deadurl=no|quote=No, you can’t wear your Boy Scout Order of the Arrow regalia, even if a “real Indian” taught you how to make it. It’s not respectful to wear it as a costume, and I’ll argue that it’s not respectful for you to wear it ever.}}
60. ^{{Cite news |last=Brantmeier |first=Edward J. |title=Scout Gathering Allows Stereotypes of American Indians to be Repeated |newspaper=The Herald-Times |date=August 1, 2002 |url=http://www.heraldtimesonline.com/stories/2002/08/01/digitalcity.020801_HT_A10_RSZ62534.sto}}{{subscription}}
61. ^{{cite podcast |title=Daily Local News |website=WFHB Firehouse Broadcasting |publisher=WFHB Community Radio |date=July 14, 2009 |url=http://www.wfhb.org/news/daily-local-news-july-14-2009 |accessdate=July 27, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719004053/http://www.wfhb.org/news/daily-local-news-july-14-2009 |archivedate=July 19, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
62. ^{{cite web |last=Kader |first=Charles |title=Boy Scouts Playing Indians |publisher=Indian Country Today |date=August 25, 2015 |url=https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/opinions/boy-scouts-playing-indians//|accessdate=November 2, 2017}}
63. ^https://statenews.com/article/2015/08/letter-boy-scouts-on-campus-demonstrate-insensitivity-to-native-american-traditions,
64. ^{{cite web |last=Ikwe |first=Ozheebeegay |title=Boys Scouts Order of the Arrow Guilty of Cultural Appropriation |publisher=Last Real Indians |url=http://lastrealindians.com/boys-scouts-order-of-the-arrow-guilty-of-cultural-appropriation-by-ozheebeegay-ikwe//|accessdate=November 2, 2017}}
65. ^http://publici.ucimc.org/2003/12/enough-dancing-around-the-chief-issue/