| 词条 | Orenburg |
| 释义 |
|en_name=Orenburg |ru_name=Оренбург |kk_name=Орынбор |image_skyline=Orenburg_collage.JPG |image_caption=Clockwise from top: City Hall, Nikolsky Orthodox cathedral, Ural River Embankment, Ramazan Mosque, City skyline from Tchkalova street, Pedestrian bridge over Ural River, Monument to Orenburg cossacks |coordinates={{coord|51|47|N|55|06|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=bottom |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Orenburg.svg |coa_caption= |image_flag=Flag of Orenburg.svg |flag_caption= |anthem= |anthem_ref= |holiday= |holiday_ref= |federal_subject=Orenburg Oblast |federal_subject_ref=[1] |adm_data_as_of=October 2015 |adm_city_jur=City of Orenburg |adm_city_jur_ref=[1] |adm_ctr_of1=Orenburg Oblast |adm_ctr_of1_ref=[1] |adm_ctr_of2=Orenburgsky District |adm_ctr_of2_ref=[4] |adm_ctr_of3=City of Orenburg |adm_ctr_of3_ref=[5] |inhabloc_cat=City |inhabloc_cat_ref=[1] |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of=October 2015 |urban_okrug_jur=Orenburg Urban Okrug |urban_okrug_jur_ref=[7] |mun_admctr_of1=Orenburg Urban Okrug |mun_admctr_of1_ref= |mun_admctr_of2=Orenburgsky Municipal District |mun_admctr_of2_ref= |leader_title=Head |leader_title_ref= |leader_name= S. A. Nikolaev (acting Head tilL 12.20.2018) |leader_name_ref=[1] |representative_body=City Duma |representative_body_ref= |area_of_what= |area_as_of= |area_km2=259 |area_km2_ref=[2] |pop_2010census=548331 |pop_2010census_rank=28th |pop_2010census_ref=[10] |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date=1743 |established_title= |established_date_ref=[3] |current_cat_date= |current_cat_date_ref= |prev_name1= |prev_name1_date= |prev_name1_ref= |postal_codes=460000 |postal_codes_ref= |dialing_codes=3532 |dialing_codes_ref= |website=http://orenburg.ru/ |website_ref= |date=October 2015 }} Orenburg ({{lang-rus|Оренбург|p=ərʲɪnˈburk}}, {{lang-kk|Орынбор|translit=Orynbor}}) is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Ural River, {{convert|1478|km|sp=us}} southeast of Moscow, on the boundary of Europe and Asia. Orenburg is also very close to the border with Kazakhstan. Population: 548,331 (2010 Census);[4] 549,361 (2002 Census);[5] {{su-census1989|546,501|.}} GeographyThe city is in the basin of the middle current of the River Ural (near its confluence with the River Sakmara). The highest point of the city is {{convert|154.4|m|sp=us}}.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} The origins of the city's nameSeveral historians have tried to explain the origins of the city's name. It was traditionally accepted that the word "orenburg" means a fortress on the River Or.[6] In all probability, the word combination "orenburg" was proposed by I. K. Kirillov, who was the founder of the city. In 1734, in accordance with his project, a package of governmental documents was worked out. This was the starting point for Orenburg as a fortress city near the place where the Or and the Ural rivers cross. On 7 June 1734, "A Privilege for Orenburg" (tsar's edict) was ordered by Empress Anna Ivanovna. While a construction site of the main fortress changed many times (down the River Ural), the very name "Orenburg" has not changed since its founding in 1743. Between 1938 and 1957, the city was referred to as Chkalov,[7][8] named after the famous Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov, although he was not born in and never lived in Orenburg, and never visited Orenburg. In 1954, Chkalov's 5-meter bronze sculpture was erected on the occasion of his 50th birth anniversary; this was installed on a 7-meter pedestal in the Boulevard (on the riverside promenade of the city, commonly named "Belovka"). Orenburg was unofficially called the Asian capital of Russia.[9] HistoryIn 1734, the Russian Empire began expanding its control and influence in Asia starting from the construction of the fortress city called "Orenburg" on its eastern border (in Southern Ural). For this purpose, a settlement was founded here in 1735 - at the place where the Or and the Ural rivers cross. The initial site was chosen for settlement during the expedition of I.K. Kirilov, who initiated developmental activities in the region. He argued that the city was necessary "...for opening up transit routes to Bukhara, Badakhshan, Bulk, and to India", making it possible to receive "wealth from there — gold, lapis lazuli, and garnet." After his death, a new administrator of the Orenburg expedition, Vasily Tatishchev, was appointed. He did not consider this place to be convenient for construction of the city, because it was constantly flooded by the spring high waters. This encouraged to launch in 1739 preparations for building a new town with the old name downstream the river Ural (Yaik) on the mountain Krasnaya (Red). The old settlement was named the Orsk fortress (now the city of Orsk). On 6 August 1741, the new town was founded. However, its construction did not start. The location on the mountain Krasnaya — treeless, rocky and remote from the river — was also inappropriate for building the town. A new administrator of the Orenburg expedition, Ivan Neplyuyev, was appointed. On 19 (30) April 1743, Orenburg was founded for a third time, on the compound that was once the Berd fortress (town of Berd), {{convert|70|verst|km mi|lk=in}} from the Krasnogorsk mountain area. In the summer of 1742, Neplyuev personally chose a new place surrounded by forests and crop fields, where the Yaik and the Sakmara rivers cross. Now it is the historical center of the city. The city built upon the mountain Krasnaya was named Krasnogorsk. Orenburg, therefore, was successfully established by Ivan Neplyuyev in its present location approximately {{convert|250|km|sp=us}} west down the Ural from Orsk in 1743. This third Orenburg has functioned as an important military outpost on the border with the nomadic Kazakhs. It became the center of the Orenburg Cossacks. Orenburg played a major role in Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1774). At the time, it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor. Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 - March 26, 1774. The defense was organized by lieutenant-general Reinsdorp. General Golytsin defeated Pugachev at Berda, and later again at Kargala (north of Orenburg). Most of the city was left in ruins, and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege. Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during a research trip for his books The History of Pugachev and his famous novel The Captain's Daughter. He met his friend Vladimir Dal here, who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian language. Orenburg was the base for General Perovsky's expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva in the 1830s through 1850s. After the incorporation of Central Asia into the Russian Empire, Orenburg became a trading station and, since the completion of the Trans-Aral Railway, a prominent railway junction en route to the new Central Asian possessions and to Siberia. Orenburg functioned as the capital of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in present-day Kazakhstan) within Russia from 1920–1925. When that republic was renamed Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1925, Orenburg joined Russia and Kyzylorda became the new capital. Almaty became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the Turkestan–Siberia Railway. Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was promoted to the union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR in 1936. Orenburg remained in Russia. From 1938 to 1957, the city bore the name Chkalov ({{lang|ru|Чка́лов}}) (after the prominent test pilot Valery Chkalov). The city's distance from the German invasion during World War II led many Soviet enterprises to flee there, helping to spur the city's economic growth. Administrative and municipal statusOrenburg is the administrative center of the oblast[10] and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Orenburgsky District,[11] even though it is not a part of it.[12] As an administrative division, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated separately as the City of Orenburg[10]—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} As a municipal division, the City of Orenburg is incorporated as Orenburg Urban Okrug.[13] EconomyOrenburg is a home for several large companies or their subsidiaries: Orenburggazprom,[14] the subsidiary of Gazprom; Orenburgneft,[15] the subsidiary of TNK-BP oil company; Orenburgenergy, one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia. TransportationOrenburg has been a major railway center ever since the Samara-Zlatoust and Orenburg-Tashkent railroads were completed, respectively in 1876 and 1905.[16] Orenburg's main airport is the Orenburg Tsentralny Airport,[17] located about {{convert|25|km|sp=us}} east of the city, on the Orsk destination, and used to be the headquarters of now defunct Orenair.[17] City public transport included bus, trolleybus and also marshrutkas (fixed-route cabs). MilitaryThere is an airbase located {{convert|5.6|mi|0|order=flip|sp=us}} southwest of the city. ClimateOrenburg has a relatively dry humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with quite long and hot summers and long and cold winters. April and October are transition months, with the rest of the months being either summer or winter. {{Weather box|location=Orenburg |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C = 4.7 |Feb record high C = 5.8 |Mar record high C =18.9 |Apr record high C =31.3 |May record high C =36.5 |Jun record high C =39.8 |Jul record high C =41.6 |Aug record high C =40.9 |Sep record high C =38.0 |Oct record high C =27.0 |Nov record high C =19.2 |Dec record high C = 8.1 |year record high C=41.6 |Jan high C=−8.0 |Feb high C=−7.2 |Mar high C=−0.8 |Apr high C=12.8 |May high C=22.1 |Jun high C=27.5 |Jul high C = 29.0 |Aug high C = 27.4 |Sep high C = 20.9 |Oct high C = 11.2 |Nov high C = 0.3 |Dec high C = −5.9 |year high C= 10.8 |Jan mean C = −11.8 |Feb mean C = −11.5 |Mar mean C = −5.2 |Apr mean C = 6.9 |May mean C = 15.2 |Jun mean C = 20.6 |Jul mean C = 22.3 |Aug mean C = 20.3 |Sep mean C = 14.0 |Oct mean C = 5.9 |Nov mean C = −3.2 |Dec mean C = −9.5 |year mean C = 5.3 |Jan low C = −15.6 |Feb low C = −15.7 |Mar low C = −9.3 |Apr low C = 1.7 |May low C = 8.5 |Jun low C = 13.8 |Jul low C = 15.6 |Aug low C = 13.6 |Sep low C = 7.9 |Oct low C = 1.6 |Nov low C = −6.1 |Dec low C = −13.1 |year low C= 0.2 |Jan record low C = −43.2 |Feb record low C = −40.1 |Mar record low C = −36.8 |Apr record low C = −26.0 |May record low C = −5.7 |Jun record low C = −0.7 |Jul record low C = 4.9 |Aug record low C = −0.9 |Sep record low C = −5.3 |Oct record low C = −19.8 |Nov record low C = −35.7 |Dec record low C = −39.2 |year record low C= −43.2 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 29 |Feb precipitation mm = 22 |Mar precipitation mm = 25 |Apr precipitation mm = 28 |May precipitation mm = 30 |Jun precipitation mm = 36 |Jul precipitation mm = 41 |Aug precipitation mm = 29 |Sep precipitation mm = 27 |Oct precipitation mm = 34 |Nov precipitation mm = 33 |Dec precipitation mm = 31 |year precipitation mm=365 |Jan rain days = 4 |Feb rain days = 3 |Mar rain days = 6 |Apr rain days = 11 |May rain days = 15 |Jun rain days = 15 |Jul rain days = 14 |Aug rain days = 13 |Sep rain days = 13 |Oct rain days = 14 |Nov rain days = 11 |Dec rain days = 6 |year rain days = 125 |Jan snow days = 23 |Feb snow days = 20 |Mar snow days = 13 |Apr snow days = 4 |May snow days = 0.2 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0.3 |Oct snow days = 4 |Nov snow days = 15 |Dec snow days = 21 |year snow days = 101 |Jan humidity = 80 |Feb humidity = 78 |Mar humidity = 79 |Apr humidity = 65 |May humidity = 53 |Jun humidity = 55 |Jul humidity = 57 |Aug humidity = 57 |Sep humidity = 60 |Oct humidity = 70 |Nov humidity = 81 |Dec humidity = 81 |year humidity = 68 |Jan sun = 76 |Feb sun = 118 |Mar sun = 158 |Apr sun = 224 |May sun = 307 |Jun sun = 307 |Jul sun = 330 |Aug sun = 286 |Sep sun = 212 |Oct sun = 126 |Nov sun = 63 |Dec sun = 62 |year sun = 2269 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net[18] |source 2 = NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[19] |date=December 2011 }} Education and cultureOrenburg is a regional center of education and has a number of cultural institutions and museums. Education
Museums
Theaters
TourismMountain and river tourism are developed in the region. There are a number of fast mountain rivers and rocks in pleated spurs of the southern edge of the Urals range, popular with tourists. The city is known for its location between Europe and Asia. The Ural River marks the border of Asia and Europe, and there is a bridge which connects the two sides. The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawls. The thinnest lacy design, knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs (pautinkas), is not only warm, but also is used for decorative purposes. Architecture
A famous boulevard on the embankment of the Ural River is one of the most notable places in Orenburg. Orenburg TV Tower is a guyed mast of unusual design. It is a {{convert|200|m|sp=us|adj=on}} tall mast equipped with six crossbars running from the mast structure to the guys.[22] Sports
National eventsIn October 2015, the Russian Rink Bandy Cup was to be organised.[26] HonorsThe asteroid 27709 Orenburg was named after the city on June 1, 2007.{{JPL|27709|†}} Notable people
International relations{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Orenburg has the following sister cities:[27]
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.orenburg.ru/power/mayor/ |title=Глава города Оренбурга |publisher=Официальный портал города Оренбурга |author= |date= |accessdate=2012-06-25 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69yWRcCCT?url=http://www.admin.orenburg.ru/power/mayor/ |archivedate=August 17, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 2. ^Генеральный план Оренбурга. Материалы по обоснованию проекта. Раздел 4.1. Территория города. Стр. 29 3. ^Из истории Казахстана XVIII в 4. ^1 {{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 5. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}} 6. ^Поспелов Е.М. Географические названия мира: топонимический словарь. — М.: Русские словари; Астрель; ACT, 2002. — {{ISBN|5-17-002938-1}} ; 5-271-00446-5 ; 5-93259-014-9 ; 5-17-001389-2. 7. ^Оренбург — статья из Большой советской энциклопедии. 8. ^Город был переименован Указом ПрезидиумаПрезидиума Верховного Совета СССР от 26 декабря 1938 г. 9. ^Глущенко Е. А. Россия в Средней Азии. Завоевания и преобразования. М.: Центрполиграф, 2010. 575 с. (Россия забытая и неизвестная. Золотая коллекция). С.62. {{ISBN|978-5-227-02167-0}}. 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 Law #1370/276-IV-OZ 11. ^1 {{OKATO reference|53 234}} 12. ^1 {{OKATO reference|53 401}} 13. ^1 Law #2367/495-IV-OZ 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gazprom.com/eng/articles/article28937.shtml |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-04-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430004801/http://www.gazprom.com/eng/articles/article28937.shtml |archivedate=April 30, 2009 |df=mdy-all }} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tnk-bp.com/operations/enterprises/orenburgneft/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-04-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503134904/http://www.tnk-bp.com/operations/enterprises/orenburgneft/ |archivedate=May 3, 2009 |df=mdy-all }} 16. ^{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/11/07/101348622.pdf|work=The New York Times|first=Foreign|last=Correspondence|title=RUSSIA'S NEW GREAT RAILROAD IN ASIA; Orenburg-Tashkent Line Was Completed a Few Days Ago. GREAT VALUE STRATEGICALLY Prince Hilkoff Pushed the Construction of the Road with Much Energy -- The Cities Traversed|date=November 7, 1904}} 17. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.airoport.orenair.ru/index.php?eng=1 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-04-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403063409/http://www.airoport.orenair.ru/index.php?eng=1 |archivedate=April 3, 2009 |df=mdy-all }} 18. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/35121.htm | title = КЛИМАТ ОРЕНБУРГА| accessdate = April 4, 2016| publisher = Погода и климат| language = Russian}} 19. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/RA/35121.TXT| title = Orenburg Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = April 4, 2016}} 20. ^Orenburg Maxim Gorky State Drama Theater 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.orenburg.ru/culture/theatre/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-04-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531101403/http://www.orenburg.ru/culture/theatre/ |archivedate=May 31, 2009 |df=mdy-all }} 22. ^http://vcfm.ru/vc/Cities/orenburg.htm 23. ^ 24. ^[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/15/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/15/%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=6qu7UJq3E8z74QTT6oB4&ved=0CDMQ7gEwAA] 25. ^fakelgazproma.ru/ 26. ^[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/7480/&prev=search] 27. ^profile documents, Orenburg Sources
External links
6 : Orenburg|Orenburg Governorate|Populated places established in 1743|History of Ural|1743 establishments in the Russian Empire|Transcontinental cities |
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