| 词条 | Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) | logo = OPCW_-_Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons_logo.png | logo_caption = Logo of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) | logo_size = 200px | map = CWC Participation.svg | map_caption = Member states of the OPCW (green) | headquarters = The Hague, Netherlands | coords = {{coord|52.091241|N|4.283193|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | membership = 193 member states (all states party to the CWC are automatically members. 4 UN Member States are non-members: Egypt, Israel, North Korea and South Sudan) | languages = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish | leader_title = Director General | leader_name = Fernando Arias | leader_title2 = Official organs | leader_name2 = Conference of the States Parties Executive Council Technical Secretariat | formation = 29 April 1997[1] | num_staff = approximately 500[2] | budget = €69.69 million/year (2019) | website = {{url|www.opcw.org}} }} The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an intergovernmental organisation and the implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention, which entered into force on 29 April 1997. The OPCW, with its 193 member states, has its seat in The Hague, Netherlands, and oversees the global endeavour for the permanent and verifiable elimination of chemical weapons. The organisation promotes and verifies the adherence to the Chemical Weapons Convention, which prohibits the use of chemical weapons and requires their destruction. Verification consists both of evaluation of declarations by member states and onsite inspections. The organisation was awarded the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize[3] "for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons".[4] Nobel Committee chairman Thorbjørn Jagland said, "The conventions and the work of the OPCW have defined the use of chemical weapons as a taboo under international law".[2] On 4 October 2018, the Dutch and British governments revealed that, in April 2018, intelligence officers of the Russian governmental espionage organisation Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) conducted a cyber attack in an attempt to hack into the office of the OPCW in The Hague. The operation was disrupted and exposed by Dutch security services, and the four officers were deported out of the Netherlands.[3] Organisational structureThe activities of the OPCW and its core organisational structure are described in the Chemical Weapons Convention (whose members are all in OPCW). The principal body is the Conference of the States Parties (CSP), which normally is convened yearly, and in which all countries can participate, with equal voting rights. Countries are generally represented in the conference by a permanent representative to the organisation, which in most cases is also the ambassador to the Netherlands. The conference decides on all main topics regarding the organisation (for example, taking retaliation measures) and the convention (approving guidelines, imposing retaliating measures against members).[4] The Executive Council (EC) is the executive organ of the organisation and consists of 41 states parties, which are appointed by the conference on a two-year term. The council amongst others oversees the budget and cooperates with the General Secretariat on all matters related to the convention.[4] The Technical Secretariat (TS) applies most of the activities mandated by the council and is the body where most of the employees of the organisation work. The main activities of the OPCW are performed by the inspection and the verification divisions. All states parties make contributions to the OPCW budget, based on a modified UN scale of assessments.[5] The OPCW budget for 2019 is €69,689,837[6] PowersThe OPCW has the power to say whether chemical weapons were used in an attack it has investigated. In June 2018, it granted itself new powers to assign blame for attacks.[7][8] InspectionsChemical weapons destruction facilitiesAt all operational chemical weapons destruction facilities, 24/7 inspections by the OPCW take place on site to verify the success of the destruction as well as the amounts of weapons being destroyed.[9] In light of the hazardous environment in which the inspections take place, they are generally performed by evaluation via CCTV-systems.[10] Industry inspectionsInspections are designed to verify compliance of States Parties with the requirements imposed on production and use of scheduled chemicals and to verify that industrial activities of member states have been correctly declared according to the obligation set by the CWC.[11] The intensity and frequency of the inspections is dependent on the type of chemical produced (in descending order: Schedule 1, Schedule 2, Schedule 3 or DOC, see Scheduled Chemicals),[12] but is regardless of the standing of the member state. For Schedule 1 and 2 facilities, a mass balance is prepared to identify whether all produced chemicals can be accounted for and whether the amounts are consistent with the declarations made by member states.[13] Furthermore, at Schedule 2 and 3 facilities clues are investigated whether, contrary to the declaration and to the rules in the convention, Schedule 1 chemicals are produced. At Schedule 3 and DOC, the main aim is to check the declaration and to verify the absence of Schedule 2 and Schedule 1 production units.[13] The time limit Schedule 2 inspections is 96 hours while Schedule 3 and DOC inspections can take a maximum of 24 hours. There is no time limit on Schedule 1 inspections.[14] Challenge inspections and investigations of alleged useIn case of allegation of use of chemical weapons or the prohibited production, a fact-finding inspection can be employed according to the convention. None of those activities have taken place, although the OPCW contributed to investigations{{when|date=April 2017}} of alleged use of chemical weapons in Syria as part of a United Nations mission. The OPCW only undertakes these inspections on request of another member state, after verification of the presented proof. To avoid misuse, a majority of three quarters can block a challenge inspection request.[15] Relations with the United NationsThe organisation is not an agency of the United Nations, but cooperates both on policy and practical issues. On 7 September 2000 the OPCW and the United Nations signed a cooperation agreement outlining how they were to coordinate their activities.[16] The inspectors furthermore travel on the United Nations Laissez-Passer in which a sticker is placed explaining their position, and privileges and immunities.[17] The United Nations Regional Groups also operate at the OPCW to govern the rotations on the Executive Council and provide informal discussion platform.[4] HeadquartersThe OPCW headquarters building was designed by American architect Gerhard Kallmann of Kallmann McKinnell & Wood.[18] The Hague was chosen as the location for the seat of the organisation after a successful lobby of the Dutch government, competing against Vienna and Geneva.[19] The organisation has its headquarters next to the World Forum Convention Centre (where it holds its yearly Conference of States Parties) and an equipment store and laboratory facility in Rijswijk. The headquarters were officially opened by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands on 20 May 1998[20] and consist of an eight-story building built in a semi-circle. A permanent memorial to all victims is present at the back of the building and is open to the public.[21] Membership{{Main article|List of parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention}}All 193 parties to the Chemical Weapons convention are automatically members of the OPCW.[22] Other states which are eligible to become members are UN member states Israel, which is a signatory state that has not ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention, and Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan, which have neither signed nor acceded to the Chemical Weapons Convention.[23] Palestine was the most recent state to submit its instrument of accession to the treaty.[24] LeadershipThe Organisation is currently led by Director-General Ambassador Fernando Arias of Spain.[25] The Director-General is directly appointed by the Conference for a maximum of two four-year terms.[26] An overview of Directors-General is shown below.
The appointment of Ambassador Arias followed a consensus recommendation by the OPCW Executive Council in October 2017. Ambassador Arias is a career diplomat with extensive experience in multilateral diplomacy. Previously, he served as Ambassador of Spain to the Netherlands and the Permanent Representative of Spain to the OPCW. He also has served as Permanent Representative of Spain to the United Nations in New York and Ambassador of Spain to Mali, Mauritania, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Bulgaria. The first Director-General only served about one year of his second term, after which he was removed from office on grounds of lack of confidence by the member states.[30][31] Some suspect that Director-General Bustani was forced out by the U.S. government because Bustani wanted international chemical weapons monitors inside Iraq and thus was seen as impeding the U.S. push for war against Iraq.[32][33][34] The U.S. gave three main arguments for the removal of Bustani's from his position: "polarising and confrontational conduct", "mismanagement issues" and "advocacy of inappropriate roles for the OPCW".[35] The removal was subsequently determined to be improper by an Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization and consequently Bustani was awarded €50,000 in moral damages, his pay for the remainder of his second term, and his legal costs.[36] 2013 Nobel Peace Prize{{main article|2013 Nobel Peace Prize}}On 11 October, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that the OPCW had been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "extensive work to eliminate chemical weapons". In the announcement, the OPCW and the Chemical Weapons Convention were praised. The committee further indicated how "Recent events in Syria, where chemical weapons have again been put to use, have underlined the need to enhance the efforts to do away with such weapons.”[37][38][39][40] In the year ending September 2014, the OPCW had overseen the destruction of some 97 percent of Syria's declared chemical weapons.[41] The OPCW-The Hague Award{{main article|OPCW-The Hague Award}}In 2014, The OPCW–The Hague Award was established to honour select individuals and institutions by highlighting their exceptional contributions towards the goal of a world permanently free of chemical weapons. The award was created as a legacy of the OPCW winning the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize. The OPCW—The Hague Award fund was created using the approximately €900,000 monetary prize which accompanied the Nobel Peace Prize, and is also supported financially by the City of The Hague, where the OPCW is based. See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Chemical/Chemical_OPCW.shtml|title=Chemical Weapons - Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)|accessdate=2013-10-11|publisher=United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013142327/http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Chemical/Chemical_OPCW.shtml|archive-date=2013-10-13|dead-url=no|df=}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24490925|title=Syria chemical weapons monitors win Nobel Peace Prize|date=2013-10-11|accessdate=2013-10-12|publisher=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012033641/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24490925|archive-date=2013-10-12|dead-url=no|df=}} 3. ^{{Cite news |url=https://nos.nl/livestream/2253314-persconferentie-over-verhinderen-van-russische-cyberaanval-op-opcw.html |title=Persconferentie over verhinderen van Russische cyberaanval op OPCW |author= |work=NOS |publisher= |date=4 October 2018 |accessdate=4 October 2018 |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145020/https://nos.nl/livestream/2253314-persconferentie-over-verhinderen-van-russische-cyberaanval-op-opcw.html |archive-date=2018-10-04 |dead-url=no |df= }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/organization-for-the-prohibition-of-chemical-weapons/|work=Nuclear Threat Initiative|title=Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)|accessdate=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012004623/http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/organization-for-the-prohibition-of-chemical-weapons/|archive-date=2013-10-12|dead-url=no|df=}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org|title=Nuclear Threat Initiative - NTI|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225213817/http://nti.org/|archive-date=2011-02-25|dead-url=no|df=}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/opcw-numbers|title=OPCW by the Numbers|website=OPCW|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202115546/https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/opcw-numbers|archive-date=2019-02-02|dead-url=no|df=}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/06/27/uk-overcomes-russian-resistance-strengthen-opcw-chemical-weapons/|title=UK overcomes Russian resistance to strengthen OPCW chemical weapons watchdog|last=Sanchez|first=Raf|date=2018-06-27|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-06-27|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627161249/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/06/27/uk-overcomes-russian-resistance-strengthen-opcw-chemical-weapons/|archive-date=2018-06-27|dead-url=no|df=}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-44634434|title=Chemical watchdog gets new powers|date=2018-06-27|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-06-27|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627161315/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-44634434|archive-date=2018-06-27|dead-url=no|df=}} 9. ^Destruction of Chemical Weapons and Its Verification Pursuant to Article IV {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514133131/http://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/verification-annex/part-iva/ |date=2011-05-14 }}. [CWC], Verification Annex 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opcw.org/index.php?eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=3923|title=List of new inspection equipment and revised specifications for approved inspection equipment|publisher=OPCW|accessdate=1 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309212306/http://www.opcw.org/index.php?eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=3923|archive-date=2012-03-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/intersection-science-and-chemical-disarmament|title=The Intersection of Science and Chemical Disarmament|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116161027/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/intersection-science-and-chemical-disarmament|archive-date=2017-01-16|dead-url=no|df=}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/cwco/index.html|title=Australia's National Authority for the Chemical Weapons Convention|accessdate=31 March 2011|work=Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326192959/http://www.dfat.gov.au/cwco/index.html|archive-date=2011-03-26|dead-url=no|df=}} 13. ^1 Verification Annex, part VI,VII, VIII and IX of the Chemical Weapons Convention {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124044456/http://www.opcw.org/index.php?eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=6357 |date=2011-11-24 }}. OPCW 14. ^{{cite web|title=An inspector calls! Your company site and the Chemical Weapons Convention|url=http://www.decc.gov.uk/media/viewfile.ashx?filepath=what%20we%20do/uk%20energy%20supply/energy%20mix/nuclear/nonproliferation/chemicalbiologicalweapons/cwc_uk_auth/file26558.pdf&filetype=4&minwidth=true|work=Department of Energy of Climate Change (United Kingdom)|accessdate=1 April 2011}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/cwcglance|work=Armscontrol.org|accessdate=24 April 2011|title=The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) at a Glance|author=Tom Z. Collina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421124522/https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/cwcglance|archive-date=2011-04-21|dead-url=no|df=}} 16. ^{{UN document |docid=A-RES-55-283 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=55 |accessdate=21 August 2007}} 17. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y36eYpRtWXIC&lpg=PA336&ots=fG643cWxqZ&dq=exchange%20of%20letters%20OPCW%20UN&hl=en&pg=PA336#v=onepage&q&f=false OPCW, The Legal Texts] TMC Asser Press, p336 18. ^{{cite news|first=Dennis|last=Hevesi|title=Gerhard Kallmann, Architect, Is Dead at 97|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/arts/design/gerhard-kallmann-architect-dies-at-97.html?_r=1|work=New York Times|publisher=|date=2012-06-24|accessdate=2012-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012065658/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/arts/design/gerhard-kallmann-architect-dies-at-97.html?_r=1|archive-date=2013-10-12|dead-url=no|df=}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.denhaag.nl/en/residents/to/An-Expats-View-Peter-Kaiser.htm|publisher=city of The Hague|title=An Expat's View: Peter Kaiser|date=8 October 2009|accessdate=1 November 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928144246/http://www.denhaag.nl/en/residents/to/An-Expats-View-Peter-Kaiser.htm|archivedate=28 September 2011|df=}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opcw.org/file/file/hm_queen_beatrix_of_the_netherlands_opens_the_purpose_built_opcw_building/|title=HM Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands opens the purpose-built OPCW building.|accessdate=1 November 2010|publisher=OPCW|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921113109/http://www.opcw.org/file/file/hm_queen_beatrix_of_the_netherlands_opens_the_purpose_built_opcw_building/|archivedate=21 September 2011|df=}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22495&Cr=weapon&Cr1=|title=Secretary-General calls chemical weapons memorial ‘a symbol of suffering and hope’|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=24 April 2011|date=9 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103051557/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22495&Cr=weapon&Cr1=|archive-date=2012-11-03|dead-url=no|df=}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/member-states/ |title=OPCW Member States |publisher=Opcw.org |date= |accessdate=2013-10-11 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67WyVz5Y7?url=http://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/member-states/ |archive-date=2012-05-09 |dead-url=no |df= }} 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/non-member-states/ |title=Non-Member States |publisher=Opcw.org |date= |accessdate=2013-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012051136/http://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/non-member-states/ |archive-date=2013-10-12 |dead-url=no |df= }} 24. ^{{cite web |work=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-3&chapter=26&lang=en |title=Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction |accessdate=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407202014/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-3&chapter=26&lang=en |archive-date=2015-04-07 |dead-url=no |df= }} 25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/technical-secretariat/director-general/|title=Director-General|website=www.opcw.org|language=en|access-date=2018-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170722/https://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/technical-secretariat/director-general/|archive-date=2018-07-30|dead-url=no|df=}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/technical-secretariat/|title=Technical Secretariat of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204180704/https://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/technical-secretariat/|archive-date=2017-02-04|dead-url=no|df=}} 27. ^{{cite journal|title=Bustani v. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|author=A Stanič|jstor=3216704|work=The American Journal of International Law|volume=98|issue=4|page=810|year=2004}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.clingendael.nl/events/20080916/|title=Speech of Dr. Rogelio Pfirter, Director-General of the OPCW 16 September 2008|work=Netherlands Institute for International Relations|accessdate=24 April 2011|date=22 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721020641/http://www.clingendael.nl/events/20080916/|archive-date=2011-07-21|dead-url=no|df=}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.opcw.org/news/article/ambassador-fernando-arias-of-spain-appointed-next-opcw-director-general/|title=Ambassador Fernando Arias of Spain Appointed Next OPCW Director-General|website=www.opcw.org|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063132/https://www.opcw.org/news/article/ambassador-fernando-arias-of-spain-appointed-next-opcw-director-general/|archive-date=2018-02-09|dead-url=yes|df=}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.opcw.org/index.php?eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=5103 |title=Draft decision of the First Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties of the OPCW |date= |accessdate=2013-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022182047/http://www.opcw.org/index.php?eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=5103 |archive-date=2012-10-22 |dead-url=no |df= }} 31. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1944879.stm | work=BBC News | title=Chemical weapons body sacks head | date=22 April 2002 | accessdate=19 August 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313145747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1944879.stm | archive-date=2007-03-13 | dead-url=no | df= }} 32. ^The Guardian, 2002 April 16, "The War against the Peacemaker," http://www.monbiot.com/2002/04/16/a-war-against-the-peacemaker/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015021308/http://www.monbiot.com/2002/04/16/a-war-against-the-peacemaker/ |date=2013-10-15 }} 33. ^The Institute for Public Accuracy, 24 April 2002, "Chemical Weapons Agency 'Coup'"?, http://www.accuracy.org/release/668-chemical-weapons-agency-coup/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015221503/http://www.accuracy.org/release/668-chemical-weapons-agency-coup/ |date=2013-10-15 }} 34. ^The New York Times, 13 October 2013, "To Ousted Boss, Arms Watchdog Was Seen as an Obstacle in Iraq," https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/world/to-ousted-boss-arms-watchdog-was-seen-as-an-obstacle-in-iraq.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1& {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211317/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/world/to-ousted-boss-arms-watchdog-was-seen-as-an-obstacle-in-iraq.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1& |date=2017-10-19 }} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/t/ac/rls/fs/9120.htm|title=Preserving the Chemical Weapons Convention: The Need For A New Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Director-General|date=2002-04-01|accessdate=2013-10-11|publisher=US Bureau of Arms Control|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013034456/http://2001-2009.state.gov/t/ac/rls/fs/9120.htm|archive-date=2013-10-13|dead-url=no|df=}} 36. ^The ILO called the decision "an unacceptable violation of the principles on which international organizations' activities are founded ..., by rendering officials vulnerable to pressures and to political change." See the ILO decision {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012053610/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/triblex/triblexmain.fullText?p_lang=en&p_judgment_no=2232&p_language_code=EN |date=2013-10-12 }} 37. ^1 {{cite news |last=Cowell |first=Alan |title=Chemical Weapons Watchdog Wins Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/12/world/chemical-weapons-watchdog-wins-nobel-peace-prize.html |date=11 October 2013 |work=New York Times |accessdate=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012000031/http://www.nytimes.com//2013//10//12//world//chemical-weapons-watchdog-wins-nobel-peace-prize.html |archive-date=2013-10-12 |dead-url=no |df= }} 38. ^1 {{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2013/press.html | title=Official press release from Nobel prize Committee | publisher=Nobel Prize Organization | date=11 October 2013 | accessdate=11 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011093517/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2013/press.html | archive-date=2013-10-11 | dead-url=no | df= }} 39. ^{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Chemicals-weapons-watchdog-OPCW-wins-Nobel-peace-prize/articleshow/23970428.cms | title=Chemicals weapons watchdog OPCW wins Nobel peace prize | publisher=Times of India | date=11 October 2013 | accessdate=11 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011201308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Chemicals-weapons-watchdog-OPCW-wins-Nobel-peace-prize/articleshow/23970428.cms | archive-date=2017-10-11 | dead-url=no | df= }} 40. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/10/11/wins-2013-nobel-peace-prize/ | title=Global chemical weapons watchdog wins 2013 Nobel Peace Prize | publisher=Fox News | date=11 October 2013 | accessdate=11 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011092129/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/10/11/wins-2013-nobel-peace-prize/ | archive-date=2013-10-11 | dead-url=no | df= }} 41. ^{{cite web|last1=Eaves|first1=Elisabeth|title=Ahmet Uzumcu: Getting Rid of Chemical Weapons in Syria and Beyond|url=http://thebulletin.org/ahmet-uzumcu-getting-rid-chemical-weapons-syria-and-beyond7713|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|publisher=SAGE|accessdate=October 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013034717/http://thebulletin.org/ahmet-uzumcu-getting-rid-chemical-weapons-syria-and-beyond7713|archive-date=2014-10-13|dead-url=no|df=}} External links{{Commons category}}
11 : Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|20th century in law|21st century in law|Chemical weapons demilitarization|Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty|Organizations established in 1997|1997 establishments in the Netherlands|Organisations based in The Hague|Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes|Dutch Nobel laureates|Netherlands and the United Nations |
|||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。