| 词条 | Altungulata |
| 释义 |
| name = Altungulata[1] | image = | image_caption = | fossil_range = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Mammalia | superordo = Preptotheria | unranked_subordo = Altungulata {{Harvnb|Prothero|Schoch|1989}} Pantomesaxonia {{Harvnb|Franz|1924}} | subdivision_ranks = Orders and suborders[2] | subdivision =
}}Altungulata or Pantomesaxonia (sensu {{Harvnb|Fischer|1986}} and later authors) is an invalid clade (mirorder) of ungulate mammals comprising the perissodactyls, hyracoids, and tethytheres (sirenians, proboscideans, and related extinct taxa.)[2] The name "Pantomesaxonia" was originally introduced by {{Harvnb|Franz|1924}}, a German zoologist and racial theorist. It was resurrected by {{Harvnb|Fischer|1986}} by including sirenians and excluding South American ungulates, phenacodontids, and meniscotheriids from the original concept.[3] The name "Altungulata", introduced by {{Harvnb|Prothero|Schoch|1989}} and revised by {{Harvnb|McKenna|Bell|1997}},[2] was erected as an alternative because the updated concept of "Pantomesaxonia" was regarded too deviant from the original concept.[3] Both names are still in use, and, to add to the confusion, various authors assign different ranks to the involved taxa. For example, according to {{Harvnb|Thewissen|Domning|1992}}, Phenacodonta (Phenacodontidae and Meniscotheriidae) and Pantomesaxonia (Sirenia, Desmostylia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Perissodactyla) are sister groups together making up the superorder Paenungulata.[4] Altungulata is not supported by molecular evidence unless perissodactyls are excluded (thus dividing Altungulata into Laurasiatheria and Afrotheria), and the validity of the following uniting synapomorphies remain disputed:[2]
Recent studies on Abdounodus showcase that dental synapomorphies between both groups arose independently, further discrediting the Altungulata hypothesis.[5] ClassificationThe classification below is from {{Harvnb|Rose|2006| p=242}}. Paenungulata together with Macroscelidea, Tubulidentata, and the lipotyphlan families Tenrecidae and Chrysochloridae compose Afrotheria. With the exclusion of the better known Radinskya and Minchenella from Phenacolophidae, their affinities to Embrithropoda are suspect, and they were regarded as Altungulata incertae sedis by Mao et al. (2015).[6] Altungulata Prothero and Schoch 1989
See also
Notes1. ^{{Cite web | title = Mirorder Altungulata | publisher = Systema Naturae 2000 | url = http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/main/classification/108381.htm | accessdate = 5 May 2013}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{Harvnb|Rose|2006| pp=241–4}} 3. ^1 {{Harvnb|Hooker|2005| pp=201–2}} 4. ^{{Cite web | title = [Bibliography of] Thewissen, Johannes | publisher = Sirenia.org | url = http://www.sirenian.org/biblio/browse/?nav=Thewissen%2C%20Johannes%20G.%20M. | accessdate = 5 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160320213520/http://sirenian.org/biblio/browse/?nav=thewissen%2C%20johannes%20g.%20m. | archive-date = 2016-03-20 | dead-url = yes | df = }} 5. ^Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Filippo, Andrea; Schmitt, Arnaud (2016). "Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157556. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556. 6. ^Fang-Yuan Mao, Yuan-Qing Wang, Qian Li & Xun Jin (2015): New records of archaic ungulates from the Lower Eocene of Sanshui Basin, Guangdong, China, Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2015.1034120 References{{Refbegin|30em}}
| last = Fischer | first = Martin S. | title = Die Stellung der Schliefer (Hyracoidea) im phylogenetischen System der Eutheria | year = 1986 | journal = Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg | volume = 84 | pages = 1–132 | isbn = 9783924500214 | oclc = 15682192 | ref = harv}}
| last = Franz | first = Victor | title = Die Geschichte der Organismen | year = 1924 | location = Jena | publisher = Verlag G. Fischer | ref = harv}}
| last = Hooker | first = Jeremy J. | chapter = The phylogenetic, geographic, and temporal origins of the Perissodactyla | title = The Rise of Placental Mammals | editor1-last = Rose | editor1-first = Kenneth D. | editor2-last = Archibald | editor2-first = J. David | year = 2005 | publisher = JHU Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DhchVG_rbQ8C&pg=PA201 | isbn = 9780801880223 | oclc = 55801049 | ref = harv}}
| last1 = McKenna | first1 = Malcolm C. | last2 = Bell | first2 = Susan K. | title = Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level | year = 1997 | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York | isbn = 0231110138 | oclc = 37345734 | ref = harv}}
| last1 = Prothero | first1 = Donald R. | last2 = Schoch | first2 = Robert M. | chapter = Origin and Evolution of the Perissodactyla: Summary and Synthesis | pages =504–37 | title = The Evolution of Perissodactyls | editor1-last = Prothero | editor1-first = Donald R. | editor2-last = Schoch | editor2-first = Robert M. | year = 1989 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | chapterurl = http://www.donaldprothero.com/files/47440280.pdf | accessdate = 5 May 2013 | isbn = 9780195060393 | oclc = 19268080 | ref = harv}}
| last = Rose | first = Kenneth David | title = The beginning of the age of mammals | year = 2006 | publisher = JHU Press | location = Baltimore | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3bs0D5ix4VAC | isbn = 0801884721 | ref = harv}}
| last1 = Thewissen | first1 = J.G.M. | last2 = Domning | first2 = Daryl Paul | title = The role of phenacodontids in the origin of the modern orders of ungulate mammals | year = 1992 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 494–504 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.1992.10011476 | oclc = 4649662166 | ref = harv}}{{Refend}} 1 : Ungulates |
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