“Oriental magpie-robin”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but now considered an Old World flycatcher. They are distinctive black and white birds with a long tail that is held upright as they forage on the ground or perch conspicuously. Occurring across most of the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia, they are common birds in urban gardens as well as forests. They are particularly well known for their songs and were once popular as cagebirds. The oriental magpie-robin is the national bird of Bangladesh.

Description

This species is {{convert|19|cm|in}} long, including the long tail, which is usually held cocked upright when hopping on the ground. When they are singing a song the tail is normal like other birds. It is similar in shape to the smaller European robin, but is longer-tailed. The male has black upperparts, head and throat apart from a white shoulder patch. The underparts and the sides of the long tail are white. Females are greyish black above and greyish white. Young birds have scaly brown upperparts and head. It is the national bird of Bangladesh.

The nominate race is found on the Indian subcontinent and the females of this race are the palest. The females of the Andamans race andamanensis are darker, heavier-billed and shorter-tailed. The Sri Lankan race ceylonensis (formerly included the Peninsular Indian populations south of the Kaveri River^[2]) and southern nominate individuals have the females nearly identical to the males in shade. The eastern populations (Bhutan and Bangladesh) have more black on the tail and were formerly named erimelas.^[3] The populations in Burma and further south are named as race musicus.^[4] A number of other races have been named across the range including prosthopellus (Hong Kong), nesiotes, zacnecus, nesiarchus, masculus, pagiensis, javensis, problematicus, amoenus, adamsi, pluto, deuteronymus and mindanensis.^[5] However many of these are not well marked and the status of some are disputed.^[6] Some like mindanensis have been now been recognized usually as full species (Philippine magpie-robin).^[7] There is more geographic variation in the plumage of females than in that of the males.^[8]

It is mostly seen close to the ground, hopping along branches or foraging in leaf-litter on the ground with a cocked tail. Males sing loudly from the top of trees or other high perches during the breeding season.^[3]

Etymology

The Indian name of dhyal or dhayal has led to many confusions. It was first used by Eleazar Albin ("dialbird") in 1737 (Suppl. N. H. Birds, i. p. 17, pls. xvii. xviii.), and Levaillant (Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 50) thought it referred to a sun dial and he called it Cadran. Thomas C. Jerdon wrote (B. India, ii. p. 1l6) that Linnaeus,^[9] thinking it had some connection with a sun-dial, called it solaris, by lapsus pennae, saularis. This was however identified by Edward Blyth as an incorrect interpretation and that it was a Latinization of the Hindi word saulary which means a "hundred songs". A male bird was sent with this Hindi name from Madras by surgeon Edward Buckley to James Petiver, who first described the species ([https://archive.org/stream/joannisraiisynop00rayj#page/n204/mode/1up Ray, Synops. Meth. Avium], p. 197).^[10]^[11]

Distribution and habitat

This magpie-robin is a resident breeder in tropical southern Asia from Bangladesh, interior India, Sri Lanka and eastern Pakistan east to Indonesia, Thailand, south China, Malaysia, and Singapore.^[3] They have been introduced to Australia.^[12]

The oriental magpie-robin is found in open woodland and cultivated areas often close to human habitations.

Behaviour and ecology

Magpie robins breed mainly from March to July in India and January to June in south-east Asia. Males sing from high perches during courtship. The display of the male involves puffing up the feathers, raising the bill, fanning the tail and strutting.^[2] They nest in tree hollows or niches in walls or building, often adopting nest boxes. They line the cavity with grass. The female is involved in most of the nest building, which happens about a week before the eggs are laid. Four or five eggs are laid at intervals of 24 hours and these are oval and usually pale blue green with brownish speckles that match the color of hay. The eggs are incubated by the female alone for 8 to 14 days.^[13]^[14] The nests are said to have a characteristic odour.^[15]

Females spend more effort on feeding the young than males. Males are quite aggressive in the breeding season and will defend their territory.^[16] and respond to the singing of intruders and even their reflections.^[17] Males spend more time on nest defense.^[18] Studies of the bird song show dialects^[19] with neighbours varying in their songs. The calls of many other species may be imitated as part of their song.^[20]^[21] This may indicate that birds disperse and are not philopatric.^[22] Females may sing briefly in the presence of a male.^[23] Apart from their song, they use a range of calls including territorial calls, emergence and roosting calls, threat calls, submissive calls, begging calls and distress calls.^[24] The typical mobbing calls is a harsh hissing krshhh.^[2]^[3]^[25]

The diet of magpie robins includes mainly insects and other invertebrates. Although mainly insectivorous, they are known to occasionally take flower nectar, geckos,^[26]^[27] leeches,^[28] centipedes^[29] and even fish.^[30]

They are often active late at dusk.^[3] They sometimes bathe in rainwater collected on the leaves of a tree.^[31]

Status

This species is considered as one of "little concern" globally but in some areas the species is on the decline.

In Singapore and Hong Kong (Malay names Murai Kampung/cacing) they were common in the 1920s, but declined in the 1970s, presumably due to competition from introduced common mynas,^[32] Poaching for the pet bird trade and habitat changes have also affected them and they are locally protected by law.^[33]

This species has few avian predators. Several pathogens and parasites have been reported. Avian malaria parasites have been isolated from the species^[34] while H4N3^[35] and H5N1 infection has been noted in a few cases.^[36] Parasitic nematodes of the eye have been described^[37]

In culture

Magpie robins were widely kept as cagebirds for their singing abilities and for fighting in India in the past.^[38] They continue to be in the pet trade in parts of Southeast Asia.

The magpie robin is the national bird of Bangladesh, where it is common and known as the doyel or doel ({{lang-bn|দোয়েল}}).^[39] It is a widely used symbol in Bangladesh, appearing on currency notes, and a landmark in the city of Dhaka is named as the Doel Chattar (meaning: Doel Square).^[40]^[41]

References

1. ^BirdLife International. 2017. Copsychus saularis (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T103893432A111178145. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103893432A111178145.en. Downloaded on 24 May 2018.
2. ^¹²{{cite book|author1=Ali, S |author2=S D Ripley |lastauthoramp=yes | title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume= 8|year= 1997|pages =243–247|isbn=978-0-19-562063-4 }}
3. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen PC |author2=JC Anderton |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|pages=395}}
4. ^{{cite journal|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=27|issue=4|year=1921|author=Baker, ECS|pages=87–88|title=Handlist of the birds of the Indian empire|url=https://archive.org/details/handlistofgenera00bake}}
5. ^{{cite journal| title=The thrushes|year=1952|author=Ripley, S D|pages=1–48|journal=Postilla|volume=13|url=https://archive.org/stream/postilla150peab#page/n103/mode/2up}}
6. ^{{cite journal|author=Hoogerwerf, A|year=1965|title= Notes on the taxonomy of Copsychus saularis with special reference to the subspecies amoenus and javensis|journal=Ardea|volume=53|pages=32–37|url=http://ardeajournal.natuurinfo.nl/ardeapdf/a53-032-037.pdf}}
7. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.kevinwinker.org/Sheldon%20et%20al%20Copsychus%20J%20Biogeogr%202009.pdf| journal=Journal of Biogeography |year=2009|title=Phylogeography of the magpie-robin species complex (Aves: Turdidae: Copsychus) reveals a Philippine species, an interesting isolating barrier and unusual dispersal patterns in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia|vauthors=Sheldon FH, Lohman DH, Lim HC, Zou F, Goodman SM, Prawiradilaga DM, Winker K, Braile TM, Moyle RG |volume=36|issue=6| pages=1070–1083| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02087.x}}
8. ^{{cite book|pages=112–116|url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds2/bakerFBI2#page/n137/mode/1up|title= The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds| volume=2| edition=2nd| year=1924| author=Baker, ECS|publisher= Taylor and Francis, London}}
9. ^{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/carolilinnaeisys11linn#page/n232/mode/1up/|title=Systema naturae|author=Linnaeus, Carolus|year=1760|publisher=Halae Magdeburgicae : Typis et sumtibus Io. Iac. Curt.}}
10. ^{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/ibisns03brit#page/11/mode/1up/|year=1867|journal=Ibis|volume=3|issue=9|pages=1–48|title=The Ornithology of India. - A commentary on Dr. Jerdon's 'Birds of India'|author=Blyth E.|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.1867.tb06417.x}}
11. ^{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbird00newt|title=A Dictionary of Birds|publisher=Adam & Charles Black, London|year=1893–1896|author=Newton, Alfred|page=133}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/trade-use/publications/pubs/inventory-exotic-species.pdf |year=2007 |title=Inventory of exotic (non-native) bird species known to be in Australia}}
13. ^{{cite journal|author=Pillai, NG |year=1956 |title=Incubation period and 'mortality rate' in a brood of the Magpie-Robin [Copsychus saularis (Linn.)]|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=54|issue=1|pages=182–183|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48182822}}
14. ^{{cite book|pages=80–85| title= The nests and eggs of Indian birds|author=Hume, A.O.|edition=2nd|volume=2|year=1890|publisher= R H Porter, London|url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia02humerich#page/80/mode/2up}}
15. ^{{cite journal|author=Siddique, Yasir Hasan |year=2008|title=Breeding Behavior of Copsychus saularis in Indian-Sub-Continent: A Personal Experience|journal=International Journal of Zoological Research |volume=4|issue=2|pages=135–137 |url=http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/academicjournals/ijzr/2008/135-137.pdf|doi=10.3923/ijzr.2008.135.137}}
16. ^{{cite journal|author=Narayanan E. |year=1984|title= Behavioural response of a male Magpie-Robin (Copsychus saularis Sclater) to its own song|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=81|issue=1|pages=199–200|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48874107}}
17. ^{{cite journal|author=Cholmondeley, EC |year=1906|title=Note on the Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis)|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=17|issue=1|page=247|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30119415}}
18. ^{{cite journal |last=Sethi |first=Vinaya Kumar |last2=Bhatt |first2=Dinesh |date=2007 |title=Provisioning of young by the Oriental Magpie-robin |journal=The Wilson Journal of Ornithology |volume=119 |issue=3 |pages=356–360 |doi=10.1676/06-105.1}}
19. ^{{cite journal|author1=Aniroot Dunmak |author2=Narit Sitasuwan |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2007|title= Song Dialect of Oriental Magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) in Northern Thailand|journal= The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University |volume=7|issue=2|pages= 145–153 |url=http://www2.biology.sc.chula.ac.th/web%20of%20NHJCU%20PDF/7-2,%20145-153.pdf}}
20. ^{{cite journal|author=Neelakantan, KK |year=1954|title= The secondary song of birds. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=52|issue=3|pages=615–620|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48184508}}
21. ^{{cite journal|author=Law, SC |year=1922|title= Is the Dhayal Copsychus saularis a mimic? |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=28|issue=4|page=1133|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52170795}}
22. ^{{cite journal|author1=Bhattacharya, H. |author2=J. Cirillo |author3=B.R. Subba |author4=D. Todt |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2007|title= Song Performance Rules in the Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus salauris)|journal= Our Nature |volume=5|pages=1–13 |url=http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/ON/article/viewFile/791/760 |format=PDF |doi=10.3126/on.v5i1.791}}
23. ^{{cite journal|author1=Kumar, Anil |author2=Bhatt, Dinesh |year=2002|title= Characteristics and significance of song in female Oriental Magpie-Robin, Copysychus saularis.|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 99|issue=1|pages=54–58|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48603891}}
24. ^{{cite journal|author1=Kumar, A. |author2=Bhatt, D. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Characteristics and significance of calls in Oriental magpie robin|journal=Curr. Sci.|year=2001|volume=80|pages=77–82 |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jan102001/77.pdf}}
25. ^{{cite journal|author=Bonnell, B |year=1934|title= Notes on the habits of the Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis saularis Linn.|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=37|issue=3|pages=729–730|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48733223}}
26. ^{{cite journal|author=Sumithran, Stephen|year=1982|title=Magpie-Robin feeding on geckos|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=79|issue=3|page=671|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48745119}}
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28. ^{{cite journal|author=Karthikeyan, S|year=1992|title=Magpie Robin preying on a leech|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers |volume=32|issue=3&4|pages=10}}
29. ^{{cite journal|author=Kalita, Simanta Kumar |year=2000|title= Competition for food between a Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor (Daudin) and a Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis Linn. |journal= |volume=97|issue=3|page=431}}
30. ^{{cite journal|author=Sharma, Satish Kumar|year=1996|title=Attempts of female Magpie Robin to catch a fish|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=93|issue=3|page=586|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48603860}}
31. ^{{cite journal|author=Donahue, Julian P |year=1962 |title= The unusual bath of a Lorikeet [Loriculus vernalis (Sparrman)] and a Magpie-Robin [Copsychus saularis (Linn.)]|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=59|issue=2|page=654|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47855357}}
32. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Huong SL, Sodhi NS|lastauthoramp=yes |year=1997|title= Status of the Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis in Singapore|journal= Malay Nat. J.|volume=50|pages=347–354}}
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