“Oriflamme”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Oriflamme (from Latin aurea flamma, "golden flame") was the battle standard of the King of France in the Middle Ages. It was originally the sacred banner of the Abbey of St. Denis,^[1] a monastery near Paris. When the oriflamme was raised in battle by the French royalty during the Middle Ages, most notably during the Hundred Years War, no prisoners were to be taken until it was lowered. Through this tactic they hoped to strike fear into the hearts of the enemy, especially the nobles, who could usually expect to be taken alive for ransom during such military encounters.^[2]

In French, the term "oriflamme" has come to mean any banner with pointed ends; by association with the form of the original.

Legendary origin

The Oriflamme was mentioned in the eleventh-century ballad the Chanson de Roland (vv. 3093-5) as a royal banner, first called Romaine and then Montjoie.^[3] According to legend, Charlemagne carried it to the Holy Land in response to a prophecy regarding a knight possessing a golden lance, from which flames would burn and drive out the Saracens.^[3] This suggests that the lance was originally the important object, with the banner simply a decoration, but this changed over time.^[4]

History

The Oriflamme was first used by Louis VI in 1124 and was last flown in battle at Agincourt in 1415,^[5] though a version of it remained in the Abbey of St. Denis until the 18th century.^[6]

Louis VI replaced the earlier banner of Saint Martin with the oriflamme of the Abbey of St. Denis, which floated about the tomb of St. Denis and was said to have been given to the abbey by king Dagobert.

Until the 12th century the standard-bearer was the Comte de Vexin, who, as vowed to St. Denis, was the temporal defender of the abbey. Louis VI, having acquired Vexin, became standard-bearer; as soon as war began, Louis VI received Communion at St. Denis and took the standard from the tomb of the saint to carry it to the combat.

It is recorded as having been carried at the following battles/campaigns:{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

The Oriflamme was lost at least five times during its medieval history; Mons-en-Pévèle,^[7] Crécy ^[8] Poitiers^[9] and Agincourt,^[10] and also during the campaigns of the Seventh Crusade under King Louis IX.^[11]^[12]

Appearance

The banner was red or orange-red silk and flown from a gilded lance.^[13] According to legend, its colour stems from it being dipped in the blood of the recently beheaded St. Denis.

The surviving descriptions of the Oriflamme are in Guillaume le Breton (thirteenth century), in the "Chronicle of Flanders" (fourteenth century), in the "Registra Delphinalia" (1456) and in the inventory of the treasury of St. Denis (1536). They show that the primitive Oriflamme was succeeded in the course of the centuries by newer Oriflammes which bore little resemblance to one another except for their colour.^[14]

Significance on the battlefield

When the Oriflamme was displayed on the battlefield it indicated that no quarter

Although the azure ground (from the blue cope of St. Martin of Tours) strewn with gold fleur-de-lis remained the symbol of royalty until the 15th century, the Oriflamme became the royal battle standard of the King of France, and it was carried at the head of the king's forces when they met another army in battle. In the fifteenth century, the fleur-de-lis on the white flag of Joan of Arc became the new royal standard replacing both the symbol of royalty and the Oriflamme on the battle field.^[14]

Porte oriflamme

The bearer of the standard, the porte-oriflamme, became an office (like that of Marshal or Constable) and a great honour, as it was an important and very dangerous job to take charge of such a visible symbol in battle. If things went badly, the bearer was expected to die rather than relinquish his charge.

Froissart vividly describes porte-oriflamme Geoffroi de Charny's fall at the side of his king at the Battle of Poitiers in this passage:

Notable Bearers of the Oriflamme

The Oriflamme in literature

The 19th-century poet Robert Southey refers to the Oriflamme and its reputation in his poem Joan of Arc{{cquote|

The 20th-century Martiniquais poet and politician, Aimé Césaire (1913-2008) invokes the Oriflamme in his poem "Your Hair" ("Chevelure"). By invoking the Oriflamme, Césaire also invokes the French Colonial Empire, war, and oppression. The poem is included in The Collected Poetry of Aimé Césaire. An excerpt reads: {{cquote|

References

1. ^Oriflamme Society
2. ^Robert Southey (1841) Joan of Arc: a poem, Longman et autres. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TPRAhDvWDrwC&pg=PA280&lpg=PA280&dq=oriflamme+no+quarter+given&source=bl&ots=k7Nfv2vzz-&sig=v2VEcfsGqIA6hlWsT62p_Jgrodg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAmoVChMIo6Du2dmMxwIVBL1yCh38WwSD#v=onepage&q=oriflamme%20no%20quarter%20given&f=false p. 280]
3. ^{{cite book |title=A Distant Mirror |last=Tuchman |first=Barbara |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1978|publisher=Penguin |location= |isbn=0140054073 |page=148 }}
4. ^Heraldica.org
5. ^Richard W. Barber (1984) The Penguin guide to medieval Europe, Penguin Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A9MYAAAAYAAJ&q=Oriflamme+Agincourt+no+quarter&dq=Oriflamme+Agincourt+no+quarter&pgis=1 p. 224]
6. ^{{cite book |title= The Complete Book of Heraldry|last=Slater |first=Stephen |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=Hermes House |location= |isbn=1846819601 |page= 30}}
7. ^DeVries, Kelly (2006) : Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, p.40
8. ^{{cite book |title=Trial by Battle |last=Sumption |first= Jonathon|year=1990|publisher= Faber & Faber|location=London |isbn=0-571-20095-8 |page=530}}
9. ^{{cite book | first=David | last=Green | title=The Battle of Poitiers 1356 | publisher= | location= | year=2004 | isbn=0-7524-2557-9|page=56}}
10. ^{{cite book |title= Agincourt|last=Barker |first=Juliet |authorlink=Juliet Barker |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=London |isbn=0316726486 |page=288 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
11. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ry8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT47&lpg=PT47&dq=oriflamme+lost+at+crecy&source=bl&ots=pI5Vxrq898&sig=c1k1MERjD9ECAMD1WfoIvaA_Rb4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBWoVChMI493i9t6MxwIVAuFyCh1J-gGR#v=onepage&q=oriflamme%20lost%20at%20crecy&f=false Edward Cowan (2012) The Wallace Book, Birlinn]
12. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.baronage.co.uk/bphtm-02/moa-15a.html|title= The Oriflamme|date=2000|publisher=The Baronage Press}}
13. ^Slater (2002), p.33
14. ^¹²{{CathEncy|wstitle=Oriflamme}}
15. ^{{cite book |title=The laws of War in the late Middle Ages |last=Keen |first=Maurice |authorlink=Maurice Keen |coauthors= |year=1965 |publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul |location= London|isbn= |page= |pages= 105–6}}
16. ^¹Jean Froissart; trans Geoffrey Brereton, Chronicles ( Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK, 1978), p. 247
17. ^{{cite book | first=Jonathon | last = Sumption |title=Trial by Fire |publisher=faber & faber | year=2001 | isbn=0-571-20737-5 | page=12 }}
18. ^Green (2004), p.56
19. ^Barker (2005), p.323
20. ^Robert Southey, The Poetical Works of Robert Southey: With a Memoir of the Author, in X Volumes, Volume I,Boston. Little Brown and Company, New York, 1860 pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zustUDvosyMC&pg=PA307#PPA181,M1 181], [https://books.google.com/books?id=zustUDvosyMC&pg=PA307 307]
21. ^ Aime Cesaire The Collected Poetry of Aime Cesaire.Berkely and Los Angeles. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1983.