“Amathus, Transjordan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Amathus ({{lang-grc|Ἀμαθοῦς}} or {{lang|grc|τὰ Ἀμαθά}};^[1]^[2] in Eusebius, {{lang|grc|Ἀμμαθοὺς}}.^[3] {{Lang-he-n|עמתו}}^[4] was a fortified city east of the Jordan River, in modern-day Jordan.

Location

Its ruins may be those of Tell Ammata in the Jordan Valley^[5]^[6] or perhaps of Tell Hammeh.^[7]^[8] Both sites are in Jordan, east of Gerasa and south of Pella. The first is at the mouth of Wadi Rajib, and the second - a little south, on the mouth of Jabbok river. Tell Mghanni up the Jabbok, and Tell el-Hammam near the Dead Sea, have also been suggested.^[9]

History

At the beginning of the 1st century BC, Amathus was an important fortress held by Theodorus, son of the tyrant Zeno Kotoulas of Philadelphia.^[10] In about 100 BC, Alexander Jannaeus captured but could not retain it,^[11] and therefore, a few years later, he razed it.^[12]^[13]^[14] It was possibly the seat of one of the five districts into which Aulus Gabinius divided Palestine a few decades later.^[13]^[15]^[16]

Amathus was part of the Herodian kingdom and then of Judaea Province of the Roman Empire from 44 AD. From 135 to about 390, Amathus belonged to the province of Syria Palaestina, formed after the defeat of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, by a merge of Roman Syria and Judaea. In about 390, it became part of the newly created province of Palaestina Prima, whose capital was Caesarea Maritima.

Bishopric

The names of four ancient bishops of Amathus are known. Theodosius took part if the Robber Council of Ephesus in 449. Sergius is mentioned in the Life of Saint Saba by Cyril of Scythopolis and may have lived around the year 500. In 518, Procopius signed the letter of the bishops of Palestine to Patriarch John II of Constantinople against Severus of Antioch. Dorotheus signed the acts of the synod of 538 attended by the bishops of all three Roman provinces of Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda, and Palaestina Salutaris.^[17]^[18]

No longer a residential bishopric, Amathus in Palaestina is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.^[19]

References

1. ^{{Cite DGRG|title=A´MATHUS|last=Williams|first=George|authorlink=George Williams (priest)|url =http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aentry%3Damathus-geo02}}
2. ^See Ἀμαθοῦντα, in Flavius Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae 13.13.3.
3. ^{{Cite book| place = Leipzig| publisher = J. C. Hinrichs| last = Eusebius| first = of Caesarea | authorlink = Eusebius | series = Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte | title = Das Onomastikon der Biblischen Ortsnamen | accessdate = 2014-05-06| year = 1904| url = https://archive.org/details/p1eusebiuswer03euse| pages = 22–23| language = Greek, Latin| oclc = 490976390| editor-last = Klostermann| editor-first = Erich}}
4. ^Jerusalem Talmud (Shevi'it 9:2), where it says: "Zaphon (of Joshua 13:27) is Amathus".
5. ^[https://www.academia.edu/418223/A_timeless_vale._Archaeological_and_related_essays_on_the_Jordan_Valley_in_honour_of_Gerrit_van_der_Kooij_on_the_occasion_of_his_sixty-fifth_birthday Eva Kaptijn, Lucas P. Petit (editors), A Timeless Vale] (Leiden University Press 2009 {{ISBN|978-90-8728-076-5}}), pp. 20–21
6. ^{{cite book | chapterurl = http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_onomasticon_03_notes.htm#65 | title=The Onomasticon of Eusebius Pamphili, Compared with the Version of Jerome and Annotated | author = Eusebius of Caesarea | authorlink = Eusebius | publisher = tertullian.org | year=2006 | origyear =manuscript, 1971 | accessdate=7 May 2014 | editor1-last = Wolf | editor1-first = Carl Umhau | chapter = Alpha, Joshua, note 65 | quote = n65. Aimath (Aemoth). Joshua 13:5; K. 22:23; L. 239:75. Textual variants: Aitham (Greek) and for "other" Amatha (Latin). Possibly three or four towns are involved in these lines. In the Peraia and located in relation to Pella (cf. K. 14:19), this Ammathous was a chief city in Herodian Peraia. It is probably Tell ‘Ammata near Tell el Qos. This site has many Roman-Byzantine sherds. The Talmud identifies this with Saphon (K. 156:1) which may have been at Tell el Qos...}}
7. ^The Madaba Mosaic Map, "Discussion - 5. Amathus - (Tel al-Hamma ?)
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678015 |title=Places: 678015 (Amathous?) |author =Brown, J. |author2 =E. Meyers |author3 =R. Talbert |author4 =T. Elliott|author5 =S. Gillies |accessdate=August 15, 2014 |publisher=Pleiades}}
9. ^{{Cite book | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | isbn = 9783161456176 | last = Shatzman | first = Israel | title = The Armies of the Hasmonaeans and Herod: From Hellenistic to Roman Frameworks| date = 1991| at = pp. 88-90 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XniFgiw15zQC&pg=PA88}}
10. ^{{Cite book| publisher = Mohr Siebeck| isbn = 9783161452406| last = Kasher| first = Aryeh| title = Jews, Idumaeans, and Ancient Arabs: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Nations of the Frontier and the Desert During the Hellenistic and Roman Era (332 BCE-70 CE)| date = 1988| at= p. 87 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gw5BswLtBsAC&pg=PA87 }}
11. ^Josephus: {{Perseus|J.|AJ|13.13.3}}; {{Perseus|J.|BJ|1.4.2}}. The William Whiston translation sometimes gives the name as Areathus.
12. ^Josephus: {{Perseus|J.|AJ|13.13.5}}; {{Perseus|J.|BJ|1.4.3}}
13. ^¹"Amathus (the modern 'Amateh)" in Jewish Encyclopedia
14. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=iwZNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA707&dq=Kitto+Amathus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=L13iU4XPLcqu7AbblIHABA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Kitto%20Amathus&f=false John Kitto, Palestine: the Bible History of the Holy Land (Knight 1841), p. 707]
15. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Bhqbmg72nVEC&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273&dq=Amathus+Palaestina&source=bl&ots=r1apiF2guz&sig=HW3kf98s2JW0ulS5_I36kHXYfm0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DEXiU9CpB5OI7AbZooCABg&ved=0CE8Q6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Amathus%20Palaestina&f=false John Wilkes (editor), Encyclopaedia Londinensis, article "Palestine", vol. 18, p. 273]
16. ^{{Cite DGRG|title= Palaestina |url= http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:id=palaestina-geo }}
17. ^Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 454
18. ^Siméon Vailhé, v. 2. Amathus, in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XII, Paris 1953, coll. 983-984
19. ^Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 830