| 词条 | Amazon Tall Tower Observatory |
| 释义 |
The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory or ATTO (in Portuguese: Observatório de Torre Alta da Amazônia) is a scientific research facility in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil. Infrastructure includes a {{convert|325|m|ft}} tall tower [1] that extends far above the forest canopy and two smaller towers that allow researchers to collect samples from the soil surface to above the forest canopy. Additionally, there are container-labs, a base camp and nearby sites for studying vegetation and soil processes[2]. The tall research tower is as high as the Eiffel Tower and is the tallest research tower in South America.[3] The two further towers are {{convert|80|m|ft}} in height. All towers are equipped with a broad range of instruments to measure chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, such as greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosols and meteorological data. DescriptionThe observatory is a joint project between Germany and Brazil coordinated by the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry on the German side and the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research, INPA (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia) on the Brazilian side. Other major research partners include the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry and the University of the State of Amazonas (UEA, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas), with over 20 research institutes and universities in Brazil, Germany and other countries participating[4]. The initial building cost of 8.4 million Euros was shared about equally by the German and Brazil partners[5]. The site is located remotely deep within the Amazon rainforest. The nearest large urban area is the city of Manaus in the state Amazonas, about {{convert|150|km|mi}} southeast of the ATTO site.[5] The towers are used to study the interactions between the forest and the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases, aerosols and weather, among other data, are measured continuously as well as during field campaigns. They provide information about a roughly {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} area of largely pristine rainforest. This is especially true during the wet season when the direction brings mostly "clean" air to the site that resembles the pre-industrial atmosphere. During the dry season, the wind direction shifts and puts the ATTO site within the influence of Manaus and the "arc of deforestation" and air pollution is noticeable even here. ATTO's counterpart “ZOTTO” (Zotino Tall Tower Observation Facility) is located in the Siberian Taiga of Russia. Research ObjectivesThe project aims to study large- and smaller scale processes, from how the forest and soil influence greenhouse gases, aerosols, air mixing and clouds, to soil chemistry, microbiology and biodiversity. The main research questions are: • How does the Amazon forest interact with climate and the water cycle? • What is the role of the Amazon forest in the global cycles of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide? • How do volatile organic compounds emitted from vegetation and soils affect atmospheric chemistry and the formation of aerosols and clouds? The project is also dedicated to the exploration of how the rainforest biosphere responds to global warming. According to the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), ATTO allows to reach new levels of measurements of the complex interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere. Furthermore, the research project will contribute to further our understanding of “climate-relevant chemical and physical processes over the Amazon” and thus create new principles for climate protection[6][7]. History "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -59.005583, -2.145933 ] } } ]} See also
References1. ^{{cite news | url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-29199728| title= Brazil builds giant Amazon observation tower | publisher= bbc.com| date= 14 September 2014| accessdate= 14 September 2014}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Andreae et. al.|first2=|date=2015-09-28|title=The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO): overview of pilot measurements on ecosystem ecology, meteorology, trace gases, and aerosols|url=https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/10723/2015/acp-15-10723-2015.html|journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics|language=English|volume=15|issue=18|pages=10723–10776|doi=10.5194/acp-15-10723-2015|issn=1680-7316|via=}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/the-amazon-tower-that-gives-scientists-the-big-picture-of-the-rainforest-10255811.html|title = Amazon Tall Tower Observatory gives scientists the big picture of the rainforest|last = |first = |date = 17 May 2015|work = The Independent|access-date = |via = }} 4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.attoproject.org/contact/|title=ATTO - Amazon Tall Tower Observatory|last=|first=|date=|work=ATTO - Amazon Tall Tower Observatory|access-date=2018-07-24|language=en-US}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.mpic.de/en/research/collaborative-projects/atto/factsheet-atto.html|title=Factsheet ATTO|accessdate=15 January 2015}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.fona.de/en/tallest-measurement-tower-opened-in-brazil-20354.html|title=Tallest Measurement Tower opened in Brazil - FONA|website=Forschung für Nachhaltige Entwicklung (FONA)|access-date=2016-12-19}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.ctbuh.org/News/GlobalTallNews/tabid/4810/Article/2871/language/en-US/view.aspx|title=Amazon Tall Tower Observatory Completes in Rainforest Near Manaus|last=|first=|date=18 May 2015|work=CTBUH Global News|access-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}} External links
9 : Amazon basin|Environmental research|Buildings and structures in Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Environment of Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Guyed masts|Observation towers|Towers in Brazil|Towers completed in 2015|2015 establishments in Brazil |
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