“American Braille”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

American Braille

释义

Letters
Punctuation
References

{{Infobox writing system
| name = American Braille
| altname = Modified Braille
| type = alphabet
| typedesc =
| time = 1878–1918
| languages = English
| fam1 = Braille
| fam2 = (re-ordered)
| print = English alphabet
| creator =
| sample =
| imagesize =
| note = none
}}

American Braille was a popular braille alphabet used in the United States before the adoption of standardized English braille in 1918. It was the alphabet used by Helen Keller.{{fact|date=October 2016}} Rather than ordering the letters numerically, as was done in French Braille and the (reordered) English Braille also used in the US at the time, in American Braille the letters were partially reassigned by frequency, with the most-common letters being written with the fewest dots. This significantly improved writing speed with the slate and stylus, which wrote one dot at a time, but lost its advantage with the braille typewriters that became practical after 1950.

Letters

In numerical order, and with their modern French and English Braille equivalents, the letters are:^[1]

Letter	type=image\|a}}	type=image\|b}}	type=image\|c}}	type=image\|d}}	type=image\|e}}	type=image\|f}}	type=image\|g}}	type=image\|h}}	type=image\|i}}	type=image\|k}}	type=image\|l}}	type=image\|m}}	type=image\|q}}
American Braille value	a	t	r	d	o	f	g	h	i	s	l	m	q
French/British Braille value	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	k	l	m	q
Letter	type=image\|r}}	type=image\|u}}	type=image\|v}}	type=image\|y}}	type=image\|⠷}}	type=image\|⠣}}	type=image\|⠩}}	type=image\|⠻}}	type=image\|w}}	type=image\|⠂}}	type=image\|⠜}}	type=image\|⠬}}	type=image\|j}}
American Braille value	k	u	v	j	x	b	p	z	w	e	y	n	c
French/British Braille value	r	u	v	y	à · of	ê · gh	î · sh	ï · er	w	, · ea	@ · ar	{{sc>na}} · -ing	j

Not quite half of the letters retained their French Braille values.

Punctuation

Punctuation was as follows. Comma, semicolon, and parentheses were the same as in English Braille.

Punctuation	{{Braille cell\|type=image\|36}}		type=image\|3}}	type=image\|23}}	type=image\|356}}	type=image\|256}}	type=image\|23456}}	type=image\|25}}	type=image\|⠶}}	type=image\|4}}	type=image\|236}}
American Braille value	Caps	. ^[2]	,	;	:	?	!	- ^[3]	( )	’ ^[4]	" ^[5]
French/British Braille value	-		,	;	({{sc>na}})	.	with	:	( )	(accent)	?

References

1. ^The New York Institute for Special Education, American Modified Braille {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018013627/http://www.nyise.org/blind/america2.htm |date=1996-10-18 }}
2. ^{{angle bracket|{{bc|⠤}}}} prefixed to a word capitalized it; suffixed to a word it was a period.
3. ^Doubled ({{bc|⠒|⠒}}) for a dash
4. ^Apostrophe only. Single quotation marks were {{bc|⠦|⠦}}.
5. ^Doubled ({{bc|⠦|⠦}}) for single quotation marks. The reason for this was that in the US, single quotation marks were less frequent, being used where double quotation marks were in Britain.

1 : Frequency-based braille alphabets

随便看

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。