| 词条 | American Star Bicycle | ||||
| 释义 |
The American Star Bicycle was invented in 1880 by G. W. Pressey and manufactured by the H. B. Smith Machine Company in Smithville, Burlington County, New Jersey.[1][2] It was characterized by a small wheel in front to avoid the problem of tipping forward inherent in other high wheelers.[3] A Star bicycle was photographed being ridden down the steps in front of the United States Capitol in 1885 to demonstrate its longitudinal stability,[4] and Star bicycles were used for the sport of bicycle polo in the mid-1880s.[5] Pressey sued Smith in 1887 for royalties.[6] The name "Star" was attributed to the double star arrangement of the spokes.[1] DetailsThe small front wheel, {{convert|18|-|23|in|cm}} in diameter, steered, and the large rear wheel, {{convert|42|-|60|in|cm}} in diameter, provided the forward driving force and bore most of the rider's weight.[7] The light load on the front wheel was reported to have made it skittish on loose surfaces such as sand and gravel.[2] American Stars incorporated pneumatic tires very soon after they were developed,[8] and braking was provided by a spoon brake acting on the rear wheel and actuated by a lever on the right handlebar.[1] A pair of independent treadle mechanisms collected power from the rider's legs instead of a crank. Power from each treadle was transferred to the rear wheel by a leather strap over a ratchet mechanism. (See image in gallery below.) The attachment point of the leather strap could be moved to provide multiple gear ratios, and both treadles could be pressed simultaneously for a brief increase in torque.[9] A spring attached to the ratchet rewound the strap when the foot was raised.[7] This treadle arrangement also allowed riders of different sizes to ride the same bike comfortably without modification, as the pedals were not constrained to trace a circle about an axle.[1] An undated advertisement lists prices from $75 to $120, depending on wheel size and finish, which varied from "plainly finished machine; painted and striped" to "all nickled{{sic}} and polished, except the rim, which is painted and striped in gold."[1] VariationsSmith also offered tricycles in 1887 and 1888[10] and patented a steam tricycle in 1889.[11][12] At the first Maricopa County Fair in 1884, Lucius Copeland demonstrated his steam bicycle, one of the first motorcycles, a steam-powered Star high-wheeler. It was claimed to have traveled {{convert|1|mi|km}} in 4 minutes, at a steam pressure of {{convert|80|psi|bar}}, and carried enough water and fuel to run for an hour.[13][14][15][16] "American Star" was also a brand name used by a Japanese bicycle manufacturer in the 1960s and 1970s.[17] SongsThe Smith Machine Co. commissioned several musical compositions to promote the American Star Bicycle.[18] In 1882, Chas. W. Nathan composed the Star Bicycle Gallop for piano,[19] and in 1883, John Ford composed The Star Rider. Song & Chorus for piano and voice, which was provided on the back cover of advertisements for American Star Bicycles.[20] {{-}}GallerySee also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url = http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbpe&fileName=rbpe10/rbpe100/10006700/rbpe10006700.db&recNum=0&itemLink=h?ammem/rbpebib:@field(NUMBER+@band(rbpe+10006700))&linkText=0 |archive-url = https://archive.is/20121213104153/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbpe&fileName=rbpe10/rbpe100/10006700/rbpe10006700.db&recNum=0&itemLink=h%3Fammem/rbpebib:@field(NUMBER+@band(rbpe+10006700))&linkText=0 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2012-12-13 |title = The American Star |publisher = Library of Congress |accessdate = 2012-01-16}} 2. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ohtm.org/1885star.html |title=ca. 1885 American Star Safety Highwheeler |publisher=Owls Head Transportation Museum |accessdate=2012-01-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525091141/http://www.ohtm.org/1885star.html |archivedate=2012-05-25 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite book| last = Herlihy| first = David V.| authorlink = David V. Herlihy| title = Bicycle, The History| publisher = Yale University Press| year = 2004| pages = 235| isbn = 0-300-10418-9}} 4. ^{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VDlaT0KxJfAC&lpg=PA219&ots=SLXXDBSvhf&dq=American%20Star%20Bicycle&pg=PA219#v=onepage&q=American%20Star%20Bicycle&f=false| last = Herlihy| first = David V.| authorlink = David V. Herlihy| title = Bicycle, The History| publisher = Yale University Press| year = 2004| pages = 219| isbn = 0-300-10418-9}} 5. ^{{cite book| last = Herlihy| first = David V.| authorlink = David V. Herlihy| title = Bicycle, The History| publisher = Yale University Press| year = 2004| pages = 372| isbn = 0-300-10418-9}} 6. ^{{cite news| title = A Star Bicycle Suit| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1887/06/04/100916191.pdf| newspaper = The New York Times| date = June 4, 1887| accessdate = 2012-01-16}} 7. ^1 {{cite web| url = http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=249216| title = American Star bicycle, 1885–1890| publisher = Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, Australia| accessdate = 2012-01-16}} 8. ^{{cite web| url = http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_294.html| title = Smith Pony Star bicycle| publisher = National Museum of American History| accessdate = 2012-01-16}} 9. ^{{cite web| url = http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_283.html| title = Smith Star bicycle| publisher = National Museum of American History| accessdate = 2012-01-16}} 10. ^{{cite web| url = http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_292.html| title = Smith tricycle| publisher = National Museum of American History| accessdate = 2012-01-16}} 11. ^{{cite web| url = http://bicyclepatents.com/h-b-smith-steam-tricycle/23/| title = H. B. Smith Steam Tricycle| publisher = Bicycle Technology and Patents| author = Bob Shaver}} 12. ^{{cite web| url = http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/steam_power/| title = H. B. Smith Steam Tricycle| publisher = Patents and the History of Technology| author = Frank J. Dykas| date = July 23, 2007| accessdate = 2012-01-17}} 13. ^{{cite web| url = http://vancouvercityrider.blogspot.com/2011/05/first-motorcycles-copeland-steam.html| title = First motorcycles: Copeland Steam Powered Special| date = 26 May 2011| accessdate = 2012-01-17}} 14. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.stanleysteamers.com/gagan.htm| title = Earliest Steam Cycles| last = Gagan| first = Peter| publisher = stanleysteamers.com| accessdate = 2012-01-17}} 15. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/steambike/steambike.htm| title = Steambikes!| publisher = The Museum of Retro Technology| author = Douglas Self| date = 1 Aug 2011| accessdate = 2012-01-17}} 16. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.ozebook.com/copeland.htm| title = The Copeland Steamer| publisher = The A-Z of Motorcycles| author = Murray Barnard| year = 1996| accessdate = 2012-01-17}} 17. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.proteanpaper.com/scart_results.cgi?comp=howiebik&framed=0&part=American%20Star%20Bike&scat=1&scatord=&scatall=&skey=&srkeyall=&srkeywords=&srcateg=000000000000000414| title = American Star Bicycle| publisher = Everything Bicycles| author = Howie Cohen| accessdate = 2012-01-16}} 18. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/scua/sinclair/sinclair_sheet_music_f_aids.shtml| title = Sinclair Jerseyana Collection| publisher = Rutgers University Libraries| accessdate = 2012-01-19}} 19. ^{{cite web| url = https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/30991| title = Star Bicycle Gallop.| publisher = The Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music in the Sheridan Libraries at Johns Hopkins University| accessdate = 2012-01-19}} 20. ^{{cite web| url = https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/12554| title = The Star Rider. Song & Chorus.| publisher = The Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music in the Sheridan Libraries at Johns Hopkins University| accessdate = 2012-01-19}} External links{{Commons category|American Star Bicycles}}
3 : Cycle manufacturers of the United States|History of cycling in the United States|Companies based in Burlington County, New Jersey |
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