“Orthrus”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In Greek mythology, Orthrus ({{lang-grc-gre|Ὄρθρος}}, Orthros) or Orthus ({{lang-grc-gre|Ὄρθος}}, Orthos) was, according to the mythographer Apollodorus, a two-headed dog who guarded Geryon's cattle and was killed by Heracles.^[1] He was the offspring of the monsters Echidna and Typhon, and the brother of Cerberus, who was also a multi-headed guard dog.^[2]

Name

His name is given as either "Orthrus" (Ὄρθρος) or "Orthus" (Ὄρθος). For example, Hesiod, the oldest source, calls the hound "Orthus", while Apollodorus calls him "Orthrus".^[3]

Mythology

According to Hesiod, Orthrus was the father of the Sphinx and the Nemean Lion, though who Hesiod meant as the mother, whether Echidna, the Chimera, or Ceto, is unclear.^[4]

Orthrus and his master Eurytion were charged with guarding the three-headed, or three-bodied giant Geryon's herd of red cattle in the "sunset" land of Erytheia ("red one"), an island in the far west of the Mediterranean.^[5] Heracles killed Orthrus, and later slew Eurytion and Geryon before taking the red cattle to complete his tenth labor. According to Apollodorus Heracles killed Orthrus with his club, although in art Orthrus is sometimes depicted pierced by arrows.^[6]

The poet Pindar refers to the "hounds of Geryon" trembling before Heracles.^[7] Pindar's use of the plural "hounds" in connection with Geryon is unique.^[8] He may have used the plural because Orthus had multiple heads, or perhaps because he knew a tradition in which Geryon had more than one dog.^[9]

In art

Depictions of Orthrus in art are rare, and always in connection with the theft of Geryon's cattle by Heracles. He is usually shown dead or dying, sometimes pierced by one or more arrows.^[10]

The earliest depiction of Orthrus is found on a late seventh-century bronze horse pectoral from Samos (Samos B2518).^[11] It shows a two-headed Orthrus, with an arrow protruding from one of his heads, crouching at the feet, and in front of Geryon. Orthrus is facing Heracles, who stands to the left, wearing his characteristic lion-skin, fighting Geryon to the right.

A red-figure cup by Euphronios from Vulci c. 550–500 BC (Munich 2620) shows a two-headed Orthrus lying belly-up, with an arrow piercing his chest, and his snake tail still writhing behind him.^[12] Heracles is on the left, wearing his lion-skin, fighting a three-bodied Geryon to the right. An Attic black-figure neck amphora, by the Swing Painter c. 550–500 BC (Cab. Med. 223), shows a two-headed Orthrus, at the feet of a three-bodied Geryon, with two arrows protruding through one of his heads, and a dog tail.^[13]

According to Apollodorus, Orthrus had two heads, however in art, the number varies.^[14] As in the Samos pectoral, Euphronios' cup, and the Swing Painter's, amphora, Orthrus is usually depicted with two heads,^[15] although, from the mid sixth century, he is sometimes depicted with only one head,^[16] while one early fifth century BC Cypriot stone relief gives him three heads, á la Cerberus.^[17]

The Euphronios cup, and the stone relief depict Orthrus, like Cerberus, with a snake tail, though usually he is shown with a dog tail, as in the Swing Painter's amphora.^[18]

Similarities with Cerberus

Orthrus bears a close resemblance to Cerberus, the hound of Hades. The classical scholar Arthur Bernard Cook called Orthrus Cerberus' "doublet".^[19] According to Hesiod, Cerberus, like Orthrus was the offspring of Echidna and Typhon. And like Orthrus, Cerberus was multi-headed. The earliest accounts gave Cerberus fifty,^[20] or even one hundred heads,^[21] though in literature three heads for Cerberus became the standard.^[22] However, in art, often only two heads for Cerberus are shown.^[23] Cerberus was also usually depicted with a snake tail, just as Orthrus was sometimes. Both became guard dogs, with Cerberus guarding the gates of Hades, and both were overcome by Heracles in one of his labours.

See also

Notes

1. ^Apollodorus, 2.5.10.
2. ^Hesiod, Theogony 306–312; Apollodorus, 2.5.10. Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica (or Fall of Troy) [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/272/mode/2up 6.249 ff. (pp. 272–273)] has Cerberus as the offspring of Echidna and Typhon, and Orthrus as his brother.
3. ^Hesiod Theogony 293, 309, 327; Apollodorus, 2.5.10. For the form of the name used in other sources see West, pp. 248–249 line 293 Ὄρθον; Frazer's note 4 to Apollodorus, 2.5.10.
4. ^Hesiod, Theogony 326–329. The referent of "she" in line 326 of the Theogony is uncertain, see Clay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159 p.159, with n. 34].
5. ^Hesiod, Theogony 287–294, 979–983; Apollodorus, 2.5.10; Gantz, pp. 402–408.
6. ^Woodford, p. 106.
7. ^Pindar, Isthmian 1.13–15.
8. ^Race, p. 139 n. 3.
9. ^Bury, [https://books.google.com/books?id=c_xfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 pp. 12–13 n. 13]; Fennell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=eLwNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129 p. 129 n. 13].
10. ^Woodford, p, 106; Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA114 p. 114].
11. ^Woodford, p. 106; Stafford, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3JDj7MRQAn4C&pg=PA43 pp. 43–44]; Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA114 p. 114 n. 256]; LIMC Orthros I 19.
12. ^Beazley Archive 200080; LIMC Orthros I 14; Schefold, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2DA_Aze7F0C&pg=PA126 pp. 126–128, figs. 147, 148]; Stafford, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3JDj7MRQAn4C&pg=PA45 p. 45]; Gantz, p. 403.
13. ^Beazley Archive 301557; LIMC Orthros I 12; Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA114 p. 114 n. 257]; Gantz, p. 403.
14. ^Apollodorus, 2.5.10; Cook, [https://archive.org/stream/zeusstudyinancie03cook#page/410/mode/1up p. 410]; Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA114 p. 114].
15. ^Woodford, p. 106; Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA114 p. 114, with n. 256]; LIMC Orthros I 19. Other two-headed examples include: LIMC Orthros I 6–18, 20.
16. ^Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA114 p. 114, with n. 256]. For an example of a one-headed Orthrus see: British Museum B194 (Bristish Museum [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=398903&partId=1 1836,0224.103]; Beazley Archive 310316; LIMC Orthros I 2). Other one-headed examples include: LIMC Orthros I 1, 3–5.
17. ^LIMC Orthros I 21; Metropolitan Museum of Art 74.51.2853; Mertens, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PLG8QLjOA5cC&pg=PA78 p. 78, fig. 31].
18. ^Ogden, Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA114 p. 114, with n. 256].
19. ^Cook, [https://archive.org/stream/zeusstudyinancie03cook#page/410/mode/1up p. 410].
20. ^Hesiod, Theogony 311–312.
21. ^Pindar fragment F249a/b SM, from a lost Pindar poem on Heracles in the underworld, according to a scholia on the Iliad, Gantz p. 22; Ogden, p. 105, with n. 182.
22. ^Ogden, pp. 105–106, with n. 183.
23. ^Ogden, p. 106, wonders whether "such images salute or establish a tradition of a two-headed Cerberus, or are we to imagine a third head concealed behind the two that can be seen?"