| 词条 | ORWO | |||
| 释义 |
ORWO (for ORiginal WOlfen) is a brand for photographic products and magnetic recording tape. It was established in East Germany as a brand for photographic film and magnetic tape, mainly produced at the former ORWO Filmfabrik Wolfen (now Chemical Park Bitterfeld-Wolfen). In 1909 the Filmfabrik Wolfen was founded as part of the Aktien-Gesellschaft für Anilin-Fabrikation (Agfa) and belonged to I.G. Farben since 1925. The Agfa Wolfen plant developed one of the first modern colour films, with incorporated colour couplers, Agfacolor, in 1936, one year after Kodachrome. After World War IIOn 20 April 1945, following the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, the plant was taken over by US forces and important patents and other documents regarding the Agfacolor process were confiscated and handed over to Western competitors, such as Kodak and Ilford. As the plant was located in what was to become the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, the US forces then handed it over to the Soviet military administration, which dismantled large parts of the plant and moved it, with key German staff, to the Soviet Union, where it formed the basis for the Soviet colour film industry. ORWO in the GDRIn 1953 the plant became the property of East Germany, and in a trade agreement settlement, the East German company, VEB Film- und Chemiefaserwerk Agfa Wolfen, was given the right to sell its products under the Agfa brand in Eastern Europe, while the newly re-established Agfa in West German Leverkusen had the right to the name in the rest of the world. As the trade agreement seriously hampered the East German company's abilities to sell in the western countries, the ORWO trademark was introduced in 1964. After the formation of the Combine VEB Fotochemisches Kombinat Wolfen in 1970 the VEB ORWO Filmfabrik Wolfen became its headquarter.[1] Founder members of the new Combine were Fotopapierwerke Dresden, Fotopapierwerke Wernigerode, Gelatinewerke Calbe, Fotochemische Werke Berlin and the Lichtpausenwerk Berlin. ORWO-branded 35mm colour slide film became available in the United Kingdom in the 1970s through magazine advertisements for mail order suppliers. It was a cheaper alternative to the mainstream brands available at the time. ORWO prepared the changeover from AgfaColor to C-41, similar to considerations in the USSR, but had not completed until the end of the GDR,[2] which lead to decreasing sales figures in the western countries, where the Kodak C-41 process dominated the market. After 1990Following the merger of East Germany and West Germany, the company was privatized in 1990. After several bankruptcies, a number of companies are continuing the tradition of ORWO. These are the ORWO FilmoTec GmbH, ORWO Net AG (digital photo supplies), Organica Feinchemie GmbH Wolfen, FEW Chemicals GmbH, Folienwerk Wolfen GmbH – all together suppliers for optical, electrical and film industry – and further companies.[3] The ORWO FilmoTec GmbH was formed in 1998, which continues to manufacture a reduced range of former ORWO products, including high quality, 16mm & 35mm, black and white, print stock, duplicate stock, sound stock, industrial films, cinematography films and photo films.[4] In partnership with ORWO North America, ORWO film has expanded; ORWO N.A currently supplies all US Library of Congress black and white industrial films, in addition to high-profile archival clients like The Smithsonian and MOMA. For example, black-and-white movies that have been selected by the US Library of Congress for archival in the last 5 years have been most likely reprocessed on to ORWO film. The cellulose triacetate base manufacturing plant of ORWO was sold to Island Pyrochemical Industries, Mineola, NY. The new company, located in the Chemical Park Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany, produces high quality TAC (triacetyl cellulose, aka cellulose triacetate) for the LCD polarizer market and the polarized sunglasses market. The ORWO trademark is used by ORWO Net AG and FilmTec GmbH for a variety of photographic products.[5] The Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen provides a permanent exhibition about the history of the Filmfabrik Wolfen and the ORWO products. References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.chemiepark.de/der-chemiepark/historie/#collapse-11162|title=The Chemical Park - History|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Chemical Park Bitterfeld-Wolfen|access-date=2016-10-27}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.defa.de/DesktopDefault.aspx?TabID=1069|title=Rohfilm|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=DEFA Stiftung|access-date=2016-10-27}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.chemiepark.de/1/der-chemiepark/firmen-am-standort/|title=The Chemical Park - Companies at the location|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Chemical Park Bitterfeld-Wolfen|access-date=2016-10-27}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmotec.de/?lang=en|title=Welcome to FilmoTec|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=ORWO FilmoTec GmbH|access-date=2016-10-27}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rainer-karlsch.de/50-jahre-orwo|title=50 Jahre Orwo|website=Wirtschaftshistoriker Rainer Karlsch|language=de|access-date=2019-01-22}} External links{{Commons category-inline}}
5 : Photographic film makers|Volkseigene Betriebe|Photography companies of Germany|Defunct photography companies|Companies of East Germany |
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