1. Biography

2. Scientific activities
    Sharpenak’s theory of dental caries 

3. Publications

4. References

5. External links

Institute of Nutrition, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences;

City Clinical Hospital named after S.P. Botkin

Anatoly Ernestovich Sharpenak ({{lang-ru|Шарпенак, Анатолий Эрнестович}}; 1895, Moscow, Russia – 1969, Moscow, Russia) was a Russian and Soviet biochemistry scientist; Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor. Author of one of the dental caries theories named after him.

Biography

A. E. Sharpenak was born into a family of Baltic Germans settled in Russia. In addition to Anatoly, the family had two daughters: Helen (married name - Abarbanel) and elder sister of the mother's first marriage. The family was quite wealthy. The children have graduated from a good private schools and then university. They lived in the area of German settlement - German Quarter.

During the Russian Civil War A. E. Sharpenak served as a doctor on a hospital train.

In 1920 A. E. Sharpenak worked under the direction of {{ill|Alexei N. Bach|ru|Бах, Алексей Николаевич}}) in the newly created Biochemical Institute.

In 1939, A. E. Sharpenak organized a biochemical department at the Moscow Stomatological Institute (MSI) (current name – Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry). He was the chair of this department^[1] until 1969.

While heading the department at the Moscow Stomatological Institute, he also held positions:

• From 1945 to 1969, Head of the Laboratory of Protein Metabolism Institute of Nutrition, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences^[2] (now - Laboratory metabolism and energy of the Federal government agency "Scientific Research Institute of Nutrition,^[3] Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Abbreviation "Institute of Nutrition ").
• From 1959 to 1969, Head of the Biochemical Laboratory at the City Clinical Hospital named after S.P. Botkin (Botkin Hospital).

A. E. Sharpenak died in January 1969 of complications from influenza. He was buried at the Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery in Moscow.

Sharpenak's sister, Helen Ernestovna Abarbanel, Professor, Basman Hospital radiologist. ( – 1974) was buried in the Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery in Moscow.

His wife (divorced), Emilya Danilovna Tsapenko. (13 January 1896 – 1 September 1975) was a surgical nurse. She was buried in the cemetery of the Gagarin Air Force Academy in Monino.

His daughter, Tamara Anatolievna Tsapenko. (13 January 1922 – 12 April 1987, was an X-ray technician. She was buried in the cemetery of the Gagarin Air Force Academy in Monino.

Scientific activities

One of the first works of the Biochemical Institute, under the leadership of A.N. Bach in 1920, was the creation of a new method for determination of enzyme levels. Lack of accurate microscopic method, which only can work with minimal amounts of blood at the time made it impossible to systematically explore the work of enzymes in normal and pathological condition of the body. A method which was created and later has received the name of the Bach-Zubkova, allowed to work with one cubic millimeter of blood (a drop of blood, approximately, with a small pin head). At the request of the Institute ten special calorimeters were built, which are provided to hospitals for systematic studies. According to Professor Yaroslav S. Przheborovsky^[4] (Demidov Lyceum - Yaroslavl State University):

While working at the Institute of Nutrition, A.E. Sharpenak, who studied protein metabolism, has contributed to the study of some indispensable amino acids and their optimum balance. Sharpenak's long-term studies of protein metabolism have received worldwide recognition.^[6][7]

A.E. Sharpenak pointed out that the diet should take into account not only the total protein content, but also the content of individual amino acids. Effect of protein quality of the diet on the body depends not only on the absolute content of individual amino acids in the diet, but also on the balance between them.^[8]

Sharpenak A.E. authored more than 150 scientific papers, including university textbooks on organic and biological chemistry. Professor A.E. Sharpenaka supervised 11 Ph.D. theses.

As the creator of an important research area, Sharpenak AE rightly recognized as a great scientist who made a great contribution to Russian science of dentistry.^[9][10][11]

Sharpenak’s theory of dental caries

As head of the Department of Biochemistry at Moscow Stomatological Institute, Professor A.E. Sharpenak tackled one of the major problems of dentistry, namely, the etiology and pathogenesis of dental caries.

Throughout the 1940s, under his leadership (V.R. Bobyleva, L.A. Gorozhankina, E.V. Aleksandrova, N.P. Dzichkovskaya, N.V. Nikolaeva, I.I. Grachev) a large amount of experimental work was carried out on the etiology of dental caries.^[12][13]

In 1949, after numerous experiments, Professor A.E. Sharpenak proposed the theory of dental caries due to lack of income in the organs and tissues protein, B vitamins and an excess of carbohydrates.^[14]

The novelty, the validity and relevance of research findings of A.E. Sharpenak received scientific recognition and entered into the history of Russian dentistry under the name of the author - the theory of dental caries of A.E. Sherpenak.

Publications

Some works of A.E. Sharpenak.

• Sharpenak A.E. Organic chemistry: a textbook for students of medical and dental institutions / ed. - 2nd, rev. and add. - M.: 1966. - 360 p.
• Sharpenak A.E., Kosenko S.A. Workshop on organic chemistry textbook for medical students / - Moscow, 1965. - 171 p.
• Sharpenak A.E. Prophylaxis of dental caries. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 1972 Dec;73(8):643-54. French. {{PMID|4514930}}. PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
• Sharpenak A.E., Bobyleva V.R., Gorozhankina L.A., Komnova Z.D. The role of protein and lysine in preventing dental caries. Vopr Pitan. 1971 Jul-Aug;30(4):3-7. Russian. {{PMID|5141599}}.
• Sharpenak A.E. The etiology and prevention of dental caries. N Y State Dent J. 1967 Dec;33(10):592-600. {{PMID|5234447}}
• Sharpenak A.E. The problem of dental caries prevention. Vopr Med Khim. 1964 Nov-Dec;10:563-75. {{PMID|14335702}}.
• Sharpenak AE, Bobyleva VR, Gorozhankina LA. Role of protein, lysine, certain mineral substances and vitamins a and d in prevention of dental caries. Fed Proc Transl Suppl. 1964 Mar-Apr;23:423-6. {{PMID|14145693}}.
• Sharpenak A.E., Shishova O.A., Gorozhankina L.A. Effect of ionizing radiations in animals fed food containing various levels of histidine. Med Radiol (Mosk). 1959 Jun;4(6):37-41. {{PMID|13673816}}.
• Sharpenak AE. Quantitative human requirement for proteins and individual amino acids. Vopr Pitan. 1959 Jan-Feb;18(1):73-83. {{PMID|13648245}}.
• Sharpenak A.E. Human requirement for individual amino acids. Vopr Pitan. 1957 Nov-Dec;16(6):9-17. {{PMID|13544198}}.
• Sharpenak A.E. Material for quantitative calculation of amino acid content of proteins in nutrition in normal and pathological conditions. Vopr Pitan. 1955 Sep-Oct;14(5):48-53. {{PMID|13299891}}.

References

External links

• Schatz A., Martin J.J., Schatz V. The implications of Soviet research on caries. An introduction to the work of Sharpenak. N Y State Dent J. 1967 Dec;33(10):587-91. {{PMID|5234446}}.
• [https://books.google.com/books/about/Soviet_research_in_nutrition.html?id=4SdrAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Fitzpatrick, W. H. Soviet research in nutrition. Issue 4 of Monographs in Soviet medical sciences. Institute of Contemporary Russian Studies, Fordham University, 1963 Original from the University of Michigan. Digitized 30 Jul 2008. -111 pages.]
• Rimington, C. The Chemistry of the Proteins and Amino Acids. Annual Review of Biochemistry. Vol. 5: 117-158 (Volume publication date July 1936). {{doi|10.1146/annurev.bi.05.070136.001001}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125116/http://stomfak.ru/vydayuschiesya-uchenye-rossii/sharpenak-anatolij-ernestovich-1895-1969.html Outstanding Scientists of Russia. Sharpenak Ernestovich Anatoly (1895-1969). Stomfak.ru - Dental Information Portal. Выдающиеся ученые России. Шарпенак Анатолий Эрнестович (1895-1969). Stomfak.ru - Стоматологический информационный портал.]
• History of Medicine. Encyclopedia. Physicians. Sharpenak Anatoly Ernestovich. Department of the History of Medicine, Moscow State Medical and Dental University. История медицины. Энциклопедия. Медики. Шарпенак Анатолий Эрнестович. Кафедра истории медицины Московского государственного медико-стоматологического университета.
• In memory of Anatolii Ernestovich Sharpenaka / / Nutrition. - 1969. March-28 April (2): 93. Памяти Анатолия Эрнестовича Шарпенака // Вопросы питания. - 1969. Март-Апрель 28(2):93.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402140249/http://www.msmsu.ru/subfaculty/single/57 Site of Biological Chemistry Department, Moscow State Medical and Dental University. Сайт кафедры биологической химии] Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет|Московского государственного медико-стоматологического университета
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017210633/http://www.ion.ru/index.php/2008-12-16-13-24-45/2008-12-16-13-27-40/17 Site of the Energy Metabolism Laboratory of the Institute of Nutrition. Сайт лаборатории обмена веществ и энергии Института питания РАМН]
• Site of the City Clinical Hospital named after S.P. Botkin. Сайт Городской клинической больницы имени С. П. Боткина.

• 2012 Huntingdonshire District Council election
• 2012 Hurricane Isaac in Haiti
• 2012 Hurricane Isaac in the USA
• 2012 Hurricane Isaac tornado outbreak
• 2012 Hurricane season
• 2012 Hyderabad Biodiversity Conference
• 2012 Hyderabad UN Convention on Biodiversity
• 2012 Hyndburn Borough Council election
• 2012 IAAF
• 2012 IAAF Diamond League
• 2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 1500 metres
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 3000 metres
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 4 x 400 metres relay
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 4×400 metres relay
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres hurdles
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault
• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's shot put