“An Caighdeán Oifigiúil”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

{{lang|ga|An Caighdeán Oifigiúil}} ("The Official Standard"), often shortened to {{lang|ga|An Caighdeán}}, is an artificial standard for the spelling and grammar of the Irish language, to be used in official publications and taught in most schools in the state. The standard is based on the three Gaeltacht dialects: Connacht Irish, Munster Irish, Ulster Irish.

It was first published in 1958 by combining spelling reforms, promulgated in 1945 to 1947, with grammar standards, published in 1953.^[1]^[2] Revised editions were published in 2012^[3] and 2017.

Since 2013, the Houses of the Oireachtas Commission, through the translation department, has been responsible for periodic updates to the standard, with reviews at least once every seven years.^[3]

History

From the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922, successive governments were committed to promoting the Irish language, with separate teaching materials in each of the three living vernacular dialects. Official publications were often issued with Irish translations, including the texts of all acts of the Oireachtas (parliament). The Oireachtas establish the {{lang|ga|Rannóg an Aistriúchán}} (Translation Branch) for this work, which developed ad-hoc conventions to reconcile the different dialect forms and avoid favouring a single dialect in its output. When Éamon de Valera instigated a new Constitution, which was adopted in 1937, he established a committee to propose spelling reforms for the "popular edition" of the Irish-language text.{{#tag:ref|The "popular edition" is the one distributed to the public, as opposed to the formally "enrolled edition" which is a physical document used by the Supreme Court and which uses the unreformed spellings.|group="nb"|name=""}} The committee was unable to agree, but member T. F. O'Rahilly sent his notes to de Valera, who forwarded them to {{lang|ga|Rannóg an Aistriúchán}}, which developed a system circulated within the civil service in 1945, and revised in 1947.^[4]^[5]^[6]

The first edition was reprinted regularly between 1960 and 2004;^[1] there were minor revisions in 1960 and 1979.^[7] A revised edition was published in 2012 both online and in hardcopy.^[8] Among the changes to be found in the revised version are, for example, various attempts to bring the recommendations of the {{lang|ga|Caighdeán}} closer to the spoken dialect of Gaeltacht speakers,^[9] including allowing further use of the nominative case where the genitive would historically have been found.^[10]

The context influencing the differences between dialects has changed over time. On one hand, the shrinking of the Irish-speaking areas over the past two centuries means that where there was once a continuum of dialects from one end of the country to the other, the dialects are now each geographically isolated. On the other hand, national TV and radio stations have increased certain types of mixing between the dialects in recent decades, reducing the differences.^[11]

Characteristics

Its development had three purposes. One was to create a standard written form that would be mutually intelligible by speakers with different dialects.^[5] Another was to simplify Irish spelling by removing many silent letters which had existed in Classical Irish. And lastly, to create a uniform and less-complicated grammar which should provide less of a hinderance to learners and thus combat the decline of the language.

The building blocks of the Caighdeán come from the three main dialects, namely Ulster Irish, Munster Irish, and Connacht Irish. The standard is described by Mícheál Ó Siadhail as being "to an extent based on a 'common core' of all Irish dialects, or the most frequent forms, and partly on random choice".^[12]

A side effect of simplifying the spelling was that similarity to Scottish Gaelic was reduced. For example, while pre-Caighdeán Irish had separate spellings for the three words "bay" ("bádh"), "sympathy" ("báidh"), and "drowning" ("bádhadh"), the Caighdeán replaced all three by "bá". The older forms resembled the Scottish Gaelic words "bàgh", "bàidh", and "bàthadh".^[13]

Pronunciation and silent letters

The Caighdeán does not recommend any pronunciation but it is affected by pronunciation because it aims to represent the all current pronunciations. So, if an "mh" is silent in Ulster and Connacht, but pronounced (as a "v") in Munster, then the "mh" is kept. This is why so many silent letters remain, despite the Caighdeán having the goal of eliminating silent letters. Letters have been removed when they are no longer pronounced in any dialect, so {{lang|ga|beiriú}} and {{lang|ga|dearbhú}} replaced {{lang|ga|beirbhiughadh}} and {{lang|ga|dearbhughadh}}. Examples also exist where preserving multiple pronunciations would have been difficult and a winner and a loser had to be picked, such as the word for "again" which most native speakers pronounce as {{lang|ga|arís}} but a large minority pronounce as {{lang|ga|aríst}}. The Caighdeán uses the former.

Notes

1. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/about/rannoganaistriuchain/ancaighdeanoifigiuil/ |title=An Caighdeán Oifigiúil |year=2012 |publisher=Oireachtas |accessdate=8 March 2016 }}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://circulars.gov.ie/pdf/circular/finance/1958/18.pdf |title=Ciorclán 18/1958:- Gramadach na Gaeilge agus Litriu na Gaeilge. |date=12 September 1958 |work=Circulars |publisher=Government of Ireland |language=Irish |accessdate=8 March 2016 }}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2013/act/3/section/3/enacted/en/html#sec3 |title=Houses of the Oireachtas Commission (Amendment) Act 2013, Section 3 |work=Irish Statute Book |accessdate=30 March 2016}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://circulars.gov.ie/pdf/circular/finance/1947/27.pdf |title=Circular 27/1947:- Irish Spelling |date=30 September 1947 |work=Circulars |publisher=Government of Ireland |accessdate=8 March 2016 }}
5. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/irish/blas/education/beginnersblas/dictionaries.shtml |title=Beginners' Blas |accessdate=18 March 2011 |date=June 2005 |publisher=BBC }}
6. ^Ó Siadhail 1981, p.75 fn.1
7. ^Nic Pháidín (2008) p.102
8. ^¹{{cite news|title=Caighdeán Athbhreithnithe don Ghaeilge|url=http://www.gaelport.com/nuacht/Caighdean-athbhreithnithe-don-Ghaeilge/|accessdate=2012-08-02|newspaper=Gaelport.com|date=2012-08-02|author=Niamh Ní Shúilleabháin|language=Irish}}
9. ^Uíbh Eachach (2012) p.7: {{lang|ga|"Rinneadh iarracht ar leith san athbhreithniú seo foirmeacha agus leaganacha atá ar fáil go tréan sa chaint sna mórchanúintí a áireamh sa Chaighdeán Oifigiúil Athbhreithnithe sa tslí is go mbraithfeadh an gnáthchainteoir mórchanúna go bhfuil na príomhghnéithe den chanúint sin aitheanta sa Chaighdeán Oifigiúil agus, mar sin, gur gaire don ghnáthchaint an Caighdeán Oifigiúil anois ná mar a bhíodh."}}
10. ^Uíbh Eachach (2012) p.7: {{lang|ga|"Triaileadh, mar shampla, aitheantas a thabhairt don leathnú atá ag teacht ar úsáid fhoirm an ainmnigh in ionad an ghinidigh sa chaint."}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701154842/http://www.irishlanguage.net:80/irish/dialects.asp|title=irishlanguage.net Dialects of Irish|quote=In recent times, however, contacts between speakers of different dialects have become more common, and mixed dialects have originated.}}
12. ^{{cite book |last= Ó Siadhail |first= Mícheál|date= 1980 |title= Learning Irish|publisher= Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |page= 221 |isbn= 0-300-12177-6 |author-link= Mícheál Ó Siadhail |quote=This standard is to an extent based on a 'common core' of all Irish dialects, or the most frequent forms, and partly on random choice}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Machine translation for closely related language pairs|author=Kevin P. Scannell|url=https://borel.slu.edu/pub/ga2gd.pdf|quote=The single greatest disaster in terms of mutual understanding between the languages was the introduction of the Caighdeán Oifigiúil (Official Standard) on the Irish side in the 1940’s (Rannóg an Aistriúcháin, 1962). As an example, the Scottish Gaelic words bàgh (bay), bàidh (sympathy), and bàthadh (drowning) are immediately recognizable and distinguishable in pre-standard Irish (Dinneen, 1927) as bádh, báidh, and bádhadh, respectively, while the Caighdeán tragically conflates all three into the indescript “bá” (Ó Dónaill, 1977). Similar examples abound.}}

History

Characteristics

Pronunciation and silent letters

Notes

Sources

References

Further reading

External links