词条 | Osco-Umbrian languages |
释义 |
|name=Osco-Umbrian |altname=Sabellic, Sabellian |region=Ancient south and central Italy |extinct=1st millennium BC-1st millennium AD |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=Italic |child1=Oscan |child2=Umbrian |child3=Volscian |child4=Sabine |child5=South Picene |child6=Marsian |child7=Paeligni |child8=Hernican |child9=Marrucinian |child10=Pre-Samnite |child11=Sidicini |glotto=sabe1249 |glottorefname=Sabellic |map=Iron Age Italy.svg |mapcaption=Approximate distribution of languages in Iron Age Italy during the sixth century BC }} The Osco-Umbrian, Sabellic or Sabellian languages are a group of Italic languages, the Indo-European languages that were spoken in Central and Southern Italy by the Osco-Umbrians before being replaced by Latin, as the power of Ancient Rome expanded. They developed from the middle of the 1st millennium BC to the early centuries of the 1st millennium AD. The languages are known almost exclusively from inscriptions, principally of Oscan and Umbrian, but there are also some Osco-Umbrian loanwords in Latin. Relationship with the Italic languages{{main|Italic languages}}{{cleanup translation|Italian}}The Osco-Umbrian languages were hypothesized by Antoine Meillet (1866–1936) to constitute a branch of the Italic languages, a single language family also including Latin, Faliscan and other related languages.[1] Starting from the work of Alois Walde (1869–1924), however, this unitary scheme has been subjected to radical criticism; Vittore Pisani (1899–1990) and later Giacomo Devoto (1897–1974) argued that the Italic language family actually forms two distinct branches within the Indo-European languages. Variously reformulated in the years following the Second World War, the various hypotheses concerning the existence of two different Indo-European families have definitively imposed themselves, even if the specific traits that separate or close them, as well as the exact processes of formation and penetration into Italy, remain the object of research by historical linguistics.[2] Historical, social and cultural aspectsOscan was one of the many languages spoken in the heart of the Italian peninsula, such as Umbrian and other languages belonging to the Sabine languages, such as Volscian, Sabine, South Picene, Marsian, Paeligni, Hernican, Marrucinian, Pre-Samnite and Sidicini. Aequian and Vestinian may also have been part of the group. They have traditionally been ascribed to either an Oscan group or an Umbrian group. However, they are all poorly attested, and such a division is not supported by the evidence. It appears that they may have formed a continuum, with Umbrian in the north, Oscan in the south and the 'Sabellic' languages in between (see next section) having features of both.[3] However, there were also colonies that spoke Oscan, scattered throughout Southern Italy and Sicily. Oscan was the language of the Samnite tribes, powerful enemies of the Romans, who took years to subdue them (the Samnite wars took place from 370 BC to 290 BC). These languages are known from a few hundred inscriptions that are between 400 BC and the 1st century. In Pompeii, there are numerous Oscan inscriptions, such as dedications in public buildings and signs. Umbrian began a process of decline when the Umbrians were subdued by the Romans and the process of Romanisation led to its demise. Of all the Osco-Umbrian languages, it is the one that is the best known, thanks above all to the Iguvine Tablets. DistributionThese languages were spoken in Samnium and in Campania, partly in Lucania and Bruttium, as well as by the Mamertines in the Sicilian colony of Mesana (Messina). Past usageSabellic was originally the collective ethnonym of the Italic people who inhabited central and southern Italy at the time of Roman expansion. The name was later used by Theodor Mommsen, in his Unteritalische Dialekte to describe the pre-Roman dialects of Central Italy that were neither Oscan nor Umbrian. The term is currently used for the Osco-Umbrian languages as a whole. The word "Sabellic" was once applied to all such minor languages, Osco-Umbrian or not. North Picene was included even if it has always been known to have been unrelated. ClassificationThe Osco-Umbrian languages or dialects of which testimony is preserved are:[4]
The ascription of the little-documented variants, collectively known as Sabellic dialects or languages to the two main groups, is in many cases quite insecure. Thus for example some authors doubt about the previous ascription of Aequian and Vestinian, placing them in the opposite group.[5] Linguistic descriptionThe Osco-Umbrian languages are fusional inflected languages with about 5 different morphological cases in the singular, similar to those of Latin. Differences from LatinAlthough the Osco-Umbrian languages are far more poorly attested than Latin, a corpus of a few thousand words' worth of inscriptions has allowed linguists to deduce some cladistic innovations and retentions. For example, while Proto-Indo-European aspirates appear as b, d and h/g between vowels in Latin (medius < *medʰyos), the aspirates all appear in Sabellic as f (Oscan mefiai). In addition, while Latin retained the Proto-Indo-European labiovelar series ("Q-Italic"), the Osco-Umbrian languages merged them with the labials ("P-Italic"): Latin quattuor, Oscan petora. See also{{portal|languages}}
Notes1. ^Francisco Villar, Gli Indoeuropei e le origini dell'Europa, pp. 474-475. 2. ^Villar, cit., pp. 447-482. 3. ^Rex Wallace, 2008, "Sabellian Languages", in Woodard, ed., The Ancient Languages of Europe, CUP, p 98 4. ^Vetter, 1953; Adiego-Lajara, 1992; Rix, 2000. 5. ^Coleman, 1986 References
Further reading
External links{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Osco-Umbrian languages|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}{{Wikisource1911Enc|Sabini}}{{ie-lang-stub}}{{Italic languages}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Osco-Umbrian languages}} 2 : Osco-Umbrian languages|Indo-European languages |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。