词条 | Apple I |
释义 |
| name = Apple I | image = Apple I Computer.jpg | caption = A fully assembled Apple I computer with a homemade wooden computer case | developer = Steve Wozniak | manufacturer = | family = | type = Personal computer | generation = | releasedate = {{start date and age|1976|4|11}}{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} | lifespan = | price = {{USD|666.66|1976}} | discontinued = {{End date|1977|09|30}} | unitssold = | unitsshipped = | media = | os = | power = | soc = | cpu = MOS 6502 @ 1 MHz | memory = 4 KB standard expandable to 8 KB or 48 KB using expansion cards | storage = | memory card = | display = | graphics = 40×24 characters, hardware-implemented scrolling | sound = | input = | controllers = | camera = | touchpad = | connectivity = | platform = | service = | dimensions = | weight = | topgame = | compatibility= | predecessor = | successor = Apple II | related = | website = }}Apple Computer 1, also known later as the Apple I, or Apple-1, is a desktop computer released by the Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976. It was designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak.[1][2] Wozniak's friend Steve Jobs had the idea of selling the computer{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}. The Apple I was Apple's first product, and to finance its creation, Jobs sold his only motorized means of transportation, a VW Microbus,[3] for a few hundred dollars, and Steve Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator for $500; however, Wozniak said that Jobs planned to use his bicycle if necessary.[4] It was demonstrated in July 1976 at the Homebrew Computer Club in Palo Alto, California.[5] Production was discontinued on September 30, 1977, after the June 10, 1977 introduction of its successor, the Apple II, which Byte magazine referred to as part of the "1977 Trinity" of personal computing (along with the PET 2001 and the TRS-80).[6] HistoryOn March 5, 1975, Steve Wozniak attended the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club in Gordon French's garage. He was so inspired that he immediately set to work on what would become the Apple I computer.[7] After building it for himself and showing it at the Club, he and Steve Jobs gave out schematics (technical designs) for the computer to interested club members and even helped some of them build and test out copies. Then, Steve Jobs suggested that they design and sell a single etched and silkscreened circuit board—just the bare board, with no electronic parts—that people could use to build the computers. Wozniak calculated that having the board design laid out would cost $1,000 and manufacturing would cost another $20 per board; he hoped to recoup his costs if 50 people bought the boards for $40 each. To fund this small venture—their first company—Jobs sold his van and Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator. Very soon after, Steve Jobs arranged to sell "something like 50" completely built computers to the Byte Shop (a computer store in Mountain View, California) at $500 each. To fulfill the $25,000 order, they obtained $20,000 in parts at 30 days net and delivered the finished product in 10 days.[8] The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 at a price of {{USD|666.66}},[9] because Wozniak "liked repeating digits" and because of a one-third markup on the $500 wholesale price.[10] The first unit produced was used in a high school math class, and donated to Liza Loop's public-access computer center.[11] About 200 units were produced, and all but 25 were sold within nine or ten months.[8] The Apple I's built-in computer terminal circuitry was distinctive. All one needed was a keyboard and a television set. Competing machines such as the Altair 8800 generally were programmed with front-mounted toggle switches and used indicator lights (red LEDs, most commonly) for output, and had to be extended with separate hardware to allow connection to a computer terminal or a teletypewriter machine. This made the Apple I an innovative machine for its day. In April 1977, the price was dropped to $475.[12] It continued to be sold through August 1977, despite the introduction of the Apple II in April 1977, which began shipping in June of that year.[13] In October 1977, the Apple I was officially discontinued and removed from Apple's price list.[14] As Wozniak was the only person who could answer most customer support questions about the computer, the company offered Apple I owners discounts and trade-ins for Apple IIs to persuade them to return their computers.[15] These recovered boards were then destroyed by Apple, contributing to their rarity today.[16] Collectors' itemAs of 2013, sixty-three Apple I computers have been confirmed to exist. Only six have been verified to be in working condition. The [https://www.apple1registry.com Apple-1 Registry] lists every known Apple I computer. This registry serves an additional purpose by including a list of all [https://www.apple1registry.com/en/market.html#auctions auctions] since 2000.
Serial numbersBoth Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak have stated that Apple did not assign serial numbers to the Apple l. Several boards have been found with numbered stickers affixed to them, which appear to be inspection stickers from the PCB manufacturer/assembler. A batch of boards is known to have numbers hand-written in black permanent marker on the back; these usually appear as "01-00##" and anecdotal evidence suggests they are inventory control numbers added by the Byte Shop to the batch Apple sold them. These Byte Shop numbers have often erroneously been described as serial numbers by auction houses and in related press coverage.[42] Museums displaying an original Apple 1 ComputerUS
Australia
United Kingdom
South Korea
Clones and replicasSeveral Apple I clones and replicas have been released in recent years. These are all created by hobbyists and marketed to the hobbyist/collector community. Availability is usually limited to small runs in response to demand.
Emulation
See also{{portal bar|Computer networking|Computer programming|Computing|Electronics|Engineering|Internet|Software|Technology}}
References1. ^{{Cite news |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2006/09/27/co-founder-tells-his-side-of-apple-story-1159346150.html |title=Co-founder tells his side of Apple story |publisher=Reuters |date=September 27, 2006}} [60][61]2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6167297|title=A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak|author=|date=|website=npr.org|accessdate=March 27, 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/aug/30/kelley-jobs-vision-changed-the-way-we-work-play/?opinion=1|title=Ventura County Star|author=|date=|website=Ventura County Star|accessdate=March 27, 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.groovypost.com/news/steve-jobs-steve-wozniak-remembers/|title=Steve Jobs: Steve Wozniak Remembers|author=|date=|website=www.groovypost.com|accessdate=March 27, 2018}} 5. ^{{cite book | last1 = Freiberger | first1 = Paul | authorlink1 = Paul Freiberger | first2 = Michael | last2 = Swaine | authorlink2 = Michael Swaine (technical author) | title = Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer | publisher =McGraw-Hill | edition =2nd | year = 2000 | pages = 265–267 | location =New York, NY | isbn =0-07-135892-7 | quote = At a Homebrew meeting in July 1976, Woz gave a demonstration of the Apple 1. Paul Terrell, one of the industries earliest retailers, was in attendance.}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.byte.com/art/9509/sec7/art15.htm |title=Most Important Companies |accessdate=2008-06-10 |date=September 1995 |work=Byte |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618072507/http://www.byte.com/art/9509/sec7/art15.htm |archivedate=June 18, 2008}} 7. ^{{cite book |last=Wozniak |first=Steve |title=iWoz |year=2006 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-33043-4 |page=150|quote=After my first meeting, I started designing the computer that would later be known as the Apple I. It was that inspiring.}} 8. ^1 {{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-12/1984_12_BYTE_09-13_Communications#page/n461/mode/2up | title=The Apple Story / Part 1: Early History | work=BYTE | date=December 1984 | accessdate=October 23, 2013 |author1=Williams, Gregg |author2=Moore, Rob | pages=A67 | type=interview}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/1606-2-5937610.html|title=Video: Wozniak: $666.66 seemed like a good idea|date=November 7, 2005|publisher=CNET News|accessdate=February 19, 2009}} 10. ^Wozniak, Steven: "iWoz", page 180. W. W. Norton, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-393-06143-7}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Daniel|title=MIT Technology Review|journal=MIT Technology Review|date=May 1, 2007|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/hack/407810/hack-the-apple-i/|accessdate=16 April 2015}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.applefritter.com/node/2703|title=April 1977 Price List - Applefritter|author=|date=|website=www.applefritter.com|accessdate=March 27, 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.applefritter.com/node/2715|title=Bill of Sale - Applefritter|author=|date=|website=www.applefritter.com|accessdate=March 27, 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.applefritter.com/node/2707|title=October 1977 Price List - Applefritter|author=|date=|website=www.applefritter.com|accessdate=March 27, 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web | url=http://apple2history.org/history/ah04/ | title=The Apple II, cont. | accessdate=February 27, 2011 | work=Apple II History}} 16. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.apple1notes.com/old_apple/Huston_Stories_files/A1%20Back%20Story.htm | title=The Huston brothers' Apple-1 Back Story | accessdate=June 25, 2013}} 17. ^{{cite web|last=Ong|first=Josh|title=Auction of Apple's first computer expected to top $160k|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/10/11/11/auction_of_apples_first_computer_expected_to_top_160k.html|publisher=Apple Insider|accessdate=June 16, 2012|date=November 11, 2010}} 18. ^{{citation|last=Edwards|first=Benj|date=September 15, 2008|title=Apple I For Sale|url=http://www.vintagecomputing.com/index.php/archives/499|deadurl=no|work=Vintage Computing and Gaming|accessdate=April 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314062620/http://vintagecomputing.com/index.php/archives/499|archivedate=March 14, 2016}}. 19. ^{{cite web|title=The Apple 1 Registry|url=http://www.willegal.net/appleii/apple1-originals.htm|work=Apple I Mimeo Project|accessdate=June 16, 2012}} 20. ^{{cite web|last=Calande|first=John|title=Another very nice Apple-1 sold on ebay yesterday|url=http://apple1computer.blogspot.com/2010/03/another-very-nice-apple-1-sold-on-ebay.html|accessdate=June 16, 2012|date=March 24, 2010}} 21. ^{{cite web|last=BBC News|title=First Apple computer fetches £130,000 at auction|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11825954|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=June 16, 2012|date=November 23, 2010}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=Christie's Sale 7882 / Lot 65|url=http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?from=searchresults&intObjectID=5370965&sid=1d221fae-dbba-4746-9922-8ca3e066b4bf|publisher=Christie's|accessdate=June 16, 2012}} 23. ^{{cite web|last=Heater|first=Brian|title=$211,000 Apple-1 up and running, wants to know what this 'cloud' thing is all about|url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/05/10/211-000-apple-1-up-and-running-wants-to-know-what-this-cloud/|work=engadget|publisher=engadget.com|accessdate=June 16, 2012}} 24. ^{{cite news|last=Austin|first=Scott|title=Original Apple 1 Computer Sells for $374,500 in Auction|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2012/06/15/original-apple-1-computer-sells-for-374500-in-auction/|accessdate=June 16, 2012|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=June 15, 2012}} 25. ^{{cite web|publisher=ABC News |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2012/10/rare-apple-1-computer-no-sale-at-christies-auction|title=Rare apple 1 computer no sale at christies auction|accessdate=October 28, 2012}} 26. ^{{cite web|publisher=iPhone Hacks |url=http://www.iphonehacks.com/2015/04/rare-apple-1-pops-up-ebay.html|title=Rare working Apple-1 pops up on eBay with Cassette board accessory|accessdate=September 30, 2015}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/Early-1976-Apple-1-computer-from-the-garage-of-Steve-Jobs-/271836061695?nma=true&si=8D88NGX71e0W%252FVZLq8P5Gijbhu8%253D&orig_cvip=true|title=Early 1976 Apple-1 computer, from the garage of Steve Jobs|accessdate=September 30, 2015}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=the-saleroom.com |url=http://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/auction-team-breker/catalogue-id-2869018/lot-15886115 |publisher=ATG Media |accessdate=November 24, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128213407/http://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/auction-team-breker/catalogue-id-2869018/lot-15886115 |archivedate=November 28, 2012 }} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/working-apple-1-sells-at-auction-for-record-breaking-671400/|title=How much?! Working Apple-1 sells at auction for record-breaking $671,400|author=|date=May 27, 2013|website=digitaltrends.com|accessdate=March 27, 2018}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=Vintage Apple computer auctioned off for $668,000|url=https://news.yahoo.com/vintage-apple-computer-auctioned-off-668-000-153151365.html|publisher=Yahoo News|accessdate=May 25, 2013}} 31. ^{{cite web|title=First Apple Computer Sells for $390,000 in Christie’s Technology Auction|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/488167/20130709/apple-1-computer-sold-auction-online-technology.htm|publisher=International Business Times|accessdate=July 9, 2013}} 32. ^{{cite web|title=Apple I auction fails to break 500K|url=http://macmint.com/apple-1-auction-fails-to-break-500k|publisher=Macmint|accessdate=July 14, 2013}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=Apple 1 Sold for $330k After Auction Close|url=http://www.cultofmac.com/254940/update-apple-1-does-sell-for-330k-after-auction-close|publisher=Cult of Mac|accessdate=March 28, 2014}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=Apple-1 computer sold at auction for $905,000|url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2014/10/22/apple-1-computer-sold-at-auction-for-905000|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=October 22, 2014}} 35. ^{{cite web|title=Computer sold by Steve Jobs out of his parents' garage raises $365,000 at auction|url=https://news.yahoo.com/computer-sold-steve-jobs-parents-115801772.html|publisher=Yahoo!|accessdate=December 14, 2014}} 36. ^{{cite web|title=Lot 77 Apple-1 Computer|url=http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/22964/lot/77/|publisher=Bonhams Auctions|date=21 September 2015|accessdate=October 1, 2015}} 37. ^{{cite web|title=Early Apple computer fails to sell|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-34313005|publisher=BBC News|date=22 September 2015|accessdate=October 1, 2015}} 38. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.recode.net/2016/8/26/12648082/apple-1-prototype-auction-815000|title=This 'Holly Grail' Apple-1 prototype, assembled by Steve Jobs, sold to cosmetics executives for $815,000|last=Fried|first=Ina|date=2016-08-26|website=Recode|access-date=2016-08-28}} 39. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37199000|title='First Apple computer' sells for $815,000 - BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-08-28}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/article/Rare-Apple-I-exhibit-in-the-heart-of-Microsoft-11071672.php|title=Rare Apple I exhibit in the heart of Microsoft country|author=|date=|website=seattlepi.com|accessdate=March 27, 2018}} 41. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-45647449|title=Original working Apple-I computer fetches $375,000 at auction|last=Lee|first=David|date=September 25, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=September 26, 2018}} 42. ^{{cite web|title=The Apple 1 Registry|url=http://www.willegal.net/appleii/apple1-originals.htm|accessdate=June 26, 2013}} 43. ^replica I – the apple I(c) clone, retrieved August 15, 2009 44. ^replica I {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120045545/http://www.brielcomputers.com/wordpress/?cat=4 |date=January 20, 2010 }} at official Briel computers web site, retrieved August 15, 2008 45. ^Gagne, Ken Image gallery: Building an Apple-1 replica from scratch, Computerworld, 2009-08-14, story with pictures for assembling a Briel replica I from a kit, retrieved August 15, 2009 46. ^Owad, Tom Apple I Replica Creation, retrieved August 15, 2009 47. ^putnamelectronics, PE6502 Apple 1 replica kit. 48. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20120513041430/http://www.achatz.nl/catalog/index.php?cPath=3&osCsid=03fdcd74daf16db60e1d726327277d88 Achatz Electronics], retrieved July 29, 2013, archived May 13, 2012 49. ^Vectronics Apple World: Obtronix Apple I Reproduction {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726052925/http://www.vectronicsappleworld.com/appleii/obtronix.php |date=July 26, 2013 }}, retrieved July 8, 2013 50. ^Mimeo 1 kit, retrieved July 8, 2013 51. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAFDvkjGLiA Apple 1 Replica (Newton 1) Running Test Program], retrieved September, 2016 52. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/88527147@N03/albums/72157673978051745 Album of Newton 1 (by Michael Ng) including a side by side comparison with what believed to be one of the original boards], retrieved September, 2016 53. ^The Brain Board with Wozanium Pack, retrieved February 2, 2014 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://mdesk.ru/a1/|title=Apple I (реплика)|last=|first=|date=|website=mdesk.ru|language=Russian|trans-title=Apple I (replica)|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 8, 2019}} 55. ^Pom1 Apple 1 Emulator, retrieved July 17, 2013 56. ^Apple 1 Emulator - SAM Coupé, retrieved July 17, 2013 57. ^CocoaPom Apple 1 Emulator, retrieved July 17, 2013 58. ^Sim6502 Apple I emulator retrieved July 17, 2013 59. ^http://csdb.dk/release/?id=118857, retrieved February 28, 2018 60. ^1 {{cite news| url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/apple-1-computer-worth-200k-left-at-recycling-centre-1.3094519| title = Apple 1 computer worth $200K left at recycling centre| publisher = CBC News| date = 2015-05-31| page =| location =| accessdate = 2015-05-31| quote = A recycling centre in the Silicon Valley is looking for a woman who dropped off an old Apple computer that turned out to be a collectible item worth $200,000 US.}} 61. ^1 {{cite news| url = http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2015/05/30/mystery-woman-dumps-rare-collectable-apple-computer-worth-200k-at-recycling-center/| title = Mystery Woman Dumps Rare, Collectable Apple Computer Worth $200K At Recycling Center| publisher = CBS News| date = 2015-05-30| page =| location = Milpitas| accessdate = 2015-05-31| quote =}} }}
External links{{commons category|Apple I}}
4 : Computer-related introductions in 1976|Apple II family|Apple Inc. hardware|Early microcomputers |
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