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词条 AN/FRD-10
释义

  1. Bullseye

  2. Development

  3. Construction and Cost

  4. Capabilities

  5. Former locations of FRD-10 sites

      Atlantic    Pacific    Other  

  6. Gallery

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Infobox
| name = AN/FRD-10
| image =
| caption = AN/FRD-10, Wahiawa, Hawaii
| title = AN/FRD-10
| subheader = Circularly Disposed Antenna Array (CDAA)
| headerstyle =
| labelstyle = width:33%
| datastyle =
| header1 =
| label1 = Country of origin
| data1 = United States
| label2 = Introduced
| data2 = 1961
| label3 = Type
| data3 = Wullenweber antenna array
| label4 = Frequency
| data4 = Low Band 2-9 MHz[1]
High Band 9-32 MHz[1]
| label5 = Inner Array Antenna radius
| data5 = {{convert|393.5|ft|m}}[1]
| label6 = Inner Array Reflector radius
| data6 = {{convert|366|ft|m}}[1]
| label7 = Outer Array Antenna radius
| data7 = {{convert|436.75|ft|m}}
{{convert|431.75|ft|m}} at 4 sites[1]
| label8 = Outer Array Reflector radius
| data8 = {{convert|423.5|ft|m}}[1]
| label9 = Range
| data9 = {{convert|3200|nmi|km}}
| label10 = Antenna Cost (1970)
| data10 = $800,000 to $900,000
(${{formatprice|{{inflation|USD|900000|1970}}}} today)
| label11 = Electronics Cost (1970)
| data11 = $20 million
(${{formatprice|{{inflation|USD|20000000|1970}}}} today)
}}

The AN/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array (CDAA) was a United States Navy circular "Wullenweber" antenna array, built at a number of locations during the cold war for high frequency radio direction finding (HF/DF) and signals intelligence. In the Joint Electronics Type Designation System, FRD stands for fixed ground, radio, direction finding. 14 sites were originally constructed as a part of the "Classic Bullseye" program.[7][1] Two AN/FRD-10 systems were also installed in Canada. AN/FRD-10 systems were originally constructed in the 1960s, but after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the systems began to be shut down and demolished. The Naval Security Group operated and maintained the US Navy AN/FRD-10 systems. The system had several nicknames including Fred-10 and Elephant or Dinosaur cages.[9] As of 2015, none of the US Navy AN/FRD-10 sites are extant, but the two Canadian sites remain in service.{{cn|date=October 2015|reason=IP anon claimed operational without comment or citation. Need reliable source.}} The AN/FLR-9 was a system with a similar design and function, but used by the US Air Force and Army.

Bullseye

The program to install and operate the radio direction finding network was known as Bullseye, Clarinet Bullseye and Classic Bullseye at various points over the years.[2] The word Classic was likely added later when permanently assigned "first words" were created for two-word nicknames. Classic was the word used to designate programs related to the Naval Security Group and Clarinet was used for programs related to the Chief of Naval Operations.[3][4]

Classic Bullseye was also related to the Centerboard and Flaghoist programs.[5] Centerboard was a network for processing HF/DF information.[6] The security classification guide that covered all three programs was cancelled in January 2009.[7][8] Later, the programs Unitary DF and Crosshair sought to unify the military's HF direction finding information into a single data collection network.[9] Crosshair, an HF/DF geolocation network, is apparently still in use c. 2015, employing small fixed or mobile HF/DF systems instead of large Wullenweber arrays.[10]

Development

The United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) led development of the technology that was used in the AN/FRD-10. Three developments were critical to the FRD-10, the ability to record portions of the frequency spectrum for future analysis, the Circularly Disposed Antenna Array (CDAA) and the computer control system that allowed rapid triangulation.[11] NRL funded research at a test site built by the University of Illinois at the Bondville Road Field Station in Scott Township, Champaign County, Illinois, south of Bondville, Illinois.[12] The AN/FRD-10 antenna was a scaled-up version of the NRL prototype antenna array.[9]

Construction and Cost

In 1959, the Navy awarded a contract to ITT Federal Systems to construct a network of AN/FRD-10 systems.[13] The first AN/FRD-10 to be constructed was at NSGA Hanza in Okinawa, but future FRD-10 sites had different antenna dimensions. The High band reflector was reduced from 120 ft to 90 ft in later sites. Additionally, the outer high band antenna ring at Hanza was {{convert|311|ft|m}} from the center with later sites being around {{convert|435|ft|m}}.[1] For the remaining sites, the outer antenna elements were spaced every 3 degrees around the circle and the outer reflector was {{convert|24.3|ft|m}} tall. The inner antenna elements were spaced every 9 degrees and the inner reflector was {{convert|90|ft|m}} tall.[1] One site was short lived. NSGA Marietta, Washington closed in 1972 and reverted to a Lummi reservation.[14] Marietta was the first FRD-10 site to shut down and operated less than 10 years.

The 1970 estimate to construct a CDAA was just under $900,000 (${{formatprice|{{inflation|USD|900000|1970}}}} today) with electronics at the site estimated at around $20 million (${{formatprice|{{inflation|USD|20000000|1970}}}} today).[15] The system had 120 high band antennas and 40 low band antennas which had to be positioned within +/- two minutes of arc and +/- 3 inches of their intended distance from the center of the array. 160 75 ohm coaxial transmission lines were used to carry signals from the antennas had to be electrically matched to within 3/4 of a degree at 10 MHz. This task was estimated at 300 to 400 man hours to complete.[15] There was also an extensive grounding system used at the FRD-10 sites. This included 360 ground radials made of 8 AWG wire, {{convert|150|ft|m}} long, extending from the outer antenna ring. It also included a massive ground grid, made of 10 AWG wire bonded together to create a mesh with {{convert|2|ft|cm}} squares. It was laid underground up to the radials in the area between the high and low antennas.[15]

Weather proved to be a challenge for the FRD-10 antennas. For example, the antenna at NSGA Winter Harbor had problems due to frost heaving the ground and shifting the reflector screens out of alignment. Digging up the affected poles and replacing them was costly and was estimated at around $240,000 in the late 1970s. An alternative method was discovered that modified the poles to allow readjustment of the screen instead the costly removal and replacement that had been done in the past.[16] The arrays were also vulnerable to high winds. Antenna arrays at Homestead, Florida and Sabana Seca, Puerto Rico were heavily damaged by hurricanes Andrew and Georges, respectively.[9]

Capabilities

The AN/FRD-10 had an estimated range of {{convert|3200|nmi|km}} and was used to monitor and triangulate single or double hop high frequency (HF) signals between 2 and 32 MHz. Site locations were likely chosen based on HF hop distances for their intended surveillance targets.[7] The FRD-10 was designed to locate HF transmissions especially from submarines and was managed by the Naval Security Group.[7] The Navy also claimed over the years that the direction finding sites were used primarily for air and sea rescue operations[14][17] and communications research, in the case of the Sugar Grove Station.[18]

The FRD-10 used a goniometer to rapidly scan through all the antennas around the circle. This electronically "rotated" the antenna 360 degrees several times a second allowing fast and accurate direction finding.[13] This was needed because Soviet submarines began to use wide-band burst transmissions in the early 1960s to make themselves more difficult to pinpoint. Initially, these signals were too rapid for Bullseye's predecessor, Boresight, to locate, but the AN/FRD-10 was able to locate even very brief transmissions.[9]

Sites in the Classic Bullseye network were connected by communications links to facilitate "near instantaneous" triangulation of received signals if two or more sites received the same signal. Signals could also be recorded for later direction finding. The system was four times more accurate than the prior Navy system with bearing accuracy better than 0.5 degrees.[7]

The Navy AN/FRD-10 was slightly smaller and had a narrower frequency range compared to the Air Force AN/FLR-9 system.[19] The FRD-10 had only 2 antenna rings, {{convert|870|ft|m}} and {{convert|780|ft|m}} diameters.[19] The Navy system was vertically instead of horizontally polarized.[19] The FRD-10 was also said to be closer to omnidirectional than to the FLR-9 due to complications added by having three sets of reflectors and with FLR-9 array looking inward rather than outward. On the FRD-10 the high band elements were on the outside, vs inside.[19]

Smaller AX-16 Pusher antenna arrays were developed with about half the diameter of the AN/FRD-10 and were used at sites that required a smaller footprint, like Diego Garcia and other sites in the United Kingdom.[9] The pusher systems were found to have lower performance, but not primarily due to the reduced antenna size. Most of the excess signal loss and higher noise floor was attributed to problems with the RF distribution network and higher transmission line losses due to the RG-8 coaxial cable that the pusher systems used.[20]

Former locations of FRD-10 sites

Atlantic

No.Site NameLocationMap linkFate
1NSGA Galeta IslandGaleta Island, Panama9.402409|N|79.872279|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Shut down 1995, abandoned in place.[21]
2NSGA Sebana SecaToa Baja, Puerto Rico18.454368|N|66.226646|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Damaged by Hurricane Georges in 1998, demolished 1999.[21]
3NSGA HomesteadHomestead, Florida25.372582|N|80.423358|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Damaged by Hurricane Andrew in 1992, later demolished.[21]
4NSGA NorthwestChesapeake, Virginia36.548900|N|76.258646|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Shut down 2001, demolished.[21]
5NSGA Winter HarborWinter Harbor, Maine44.401239|N|67.991033|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Shut down 1998, demolished 2001.[21]
6CFB GanderGander, Newfoundland, Canada48.950718|N|54.524717|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}In operation[22].
7NSGA EdzellRAF Edzell, Edzell, Scotland56.809282|N|2.605551|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Shut down 1997, demolished later.[21]
8NSGA RotaNS Rota, Rota, Cádiz, Spain36.656563|N|6.364955|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Shut down 1993, demolished 2005.[21]

Pacific

No.Site NameLocationMap linkFate
1NCTS Guam (NCTS Finegayan)Dededo, Guam13.593609|N|144.852547|E|type:landmark|format=dms}}Shut down 1999, demolished 2000s.[21]
2NSGA HanzaOkinawa26.400327|N|127.729883|E|type:landmark|format=dms}}Shut down 1997, demolished 2007.[21]
3NSGA AdakAdak, Alaska51.942637|N|176.600438|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Shut down 1994, later demolished.[21]
4CFS Masset (CFS Leitrim)Masset, British Columbia, Canada54.02881|N|132.065363|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Unknown, still present in aerial images c. 2015.[21]
5NSGA MariettaMarietta-Alderwood, Washington48.794226|N|122.654465|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Closed 1972, first Bullseye site closed.[21]
6NSGA Skaggs IslandSonoma County, California38.168968|N|122.373061|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Shut down 1993, later demolished.[21]
7NSGA Imperial BeachImperial Beach, California32.593468|N|117.129064|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Shut down 1999, demolished 2015.[21]
8NCTAMS WahiawaWahiawa, Hawaii21.522321|N|158.011329|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}Shut down 1998, demolished 2005.[21]

Other

  • NAVRADSTA Sugar Grove Station, Sugar Grove, West Virginia ({{coord|38.515131|N|79.279318|W|type:landmark|format=dms}}) (two adjacent variants of the AN/FRD-10), not operated by the NSG.[21]

Gallery

See also

  • High-frequency direction finding
  • Radio direction finder
  • Radio direction finding
  • Direction finding
  • Signals intelligence (SIGINT)

References

1. ^{{cite web |url= http://fas.org/irp/program/collect/classic_bullseye.htm |title= AN/FRD-10 CLASSIC BULLSEYE |website= fas.org |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
2. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.jproc.ca/rrp/masset.html |title= CFS Masset |first= Jerry |last= Proc |date= 3 February 2015 |accessdate= 4 August 2015 }}
3. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/codenames.html |title= Code Names for U.S. Military Projects and Operations |first= Andreas |last= Parsch |date= 2005 |accessdate= 4 August 2015 }}
4. ^{{cite web |url= https://fas.org/irp/doddir/navy/opnavinst/5511_37d.pdf |title= OPNAVINST 5511.37D |publisher= Chief of Naval Operations via fas.org |accessdate= 5 August 2015 }}
5. ^{{cite web |url= https://archive.org/stream/CIADocuments/CIA-255_djvu.txt |title= Declassified US Government Internal Documents on the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) #255 |website= Archive.org |accessdate= 2 August 2015}}
6. ^{{cite web |url= http://fas.org/irp/program/process/centerboard.htm |title= Centerboard |website= fas.org |accessdate= 2 August 2015}}
7. ^{{cite report |url= http://www.secnav.navy.mil/dusnp/Security/Information/Documents/Cancelled%20DON%20SCGs%20Report.pdf |title= Cancelled DON SCGs Report |publisher= Secretary of the Navy |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
8. ^{{cite report |url= https://fas.org/irp/doddir/navy/opnavinst/5513_4e.pdf |title= OPNAVINST 5513.4E |publisher= Chief of Naval Operations, via fas.org |accessdate= 2 August 2015}}
9. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4S3h8j_NEmkC&pg=PA20 |title= The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems |first= Norman |last= Friedman |publisher= Naval Institute Press |year= 2006 |ISBN= 978-1-55750-262-9 |page= 20 }}
10. ^{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IiedBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= The U.S. Intelligence Community |first= Jeffrey T |last= Richelson |publisher= Westview Press |year= 2015 |ISBN= 978-0-8133-4919-0 |page= 243 |accessdate= 2 August 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content_images/75awards.pdf |title= 75th Anniversary Awards for Innovation |publisher= Naval Research Laboratory |date= 1998 |page= 28 |accessdate= 2 August 2015}}
12. ^{{cite web |url= http://faculty.ece.illinois.edu/rao/MEFware/Wullenweber_and_the_books_it_made_happen.pdf |title= Wullenweber and the books it made happen |website= faculty.ece.illinois.edu |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
13. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.mpdigest.com/Military/issue/2014/Sept/Wullenweber/default.asp |title=The CDAA Antenna and the Wullenweber |publisher=Military Products Digest |date=September 2014 |accessdate=5 August 2015 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
14. ^1 {{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19711105&id=t5pYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XfgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4373,1811552&hl=en |title= Navy plans to close unit |agency= AP |newspaper= Spokane Daily Chronicle |date= 5 November 1971 |accessdate= 5 August 2015 }}
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |url= http://www.navy-radio.com/manuals/frd10-maint-9010.pdf |date= 1972 |title= Maintenance Manual for Antenna Groups OA-3967(XN-1)/FRD-10(V) and OA-3967/FRD-10(V) (15 MB) |website= navy-radio.com |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
16. ^{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19810327&id=lBM0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=oyMIAAAAIBAJ&pg=1309,4174316&hl=en |title= Man Gets $1,175 for $240,000 Idea |first= Michael |last= Gordon |newspaper= Bangor Daily News |date= 27 March 1981 }}
17. ^{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19950512&id=1qlJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YQ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1499,3117400&hl=en |title= Winter Harbor Naval Base Receives Orders until 2000 |newspaper= Bangor Daily News |date= 12 May 1995 }}
18. ^{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19870610&id=ORAhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Y3IFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1036,2252642&hl=en |title= National Security Agency has big, secret ears |first= Steven |last= Herman |agency= AP |newspaper= Schenectady Gazette |date= 10 June 1987}}
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite report |url= http://www.masonarch.com/research-library/Antenna.pdf |title= HABS No. HI-522-B |publisher= Historic American Buildings Survey |date= May 2007 |first= Dan |last= Ruzicka |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
20. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a283263.pdf |title= AN/FRD-10 vs AN/AX-16 Pusher |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
21. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 {{cite web |url= http://www.navycthistory.com/WullenweberArticle.txt |title= Wullenweber Antenna Arrays |website= Navy CT History at navycthistory.com |first= Michael R. |last= Morris |date= 27 May 2008 |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
22. ^{{cite web |title=Gander SIGNIT Station |url=http://www.jproc.ca/rrp/gander.html}}

External links

{{Commons category|AN/FRD-10}}
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.navy-radio.com/frd10.htm |title= FRD-10 |website= navy-radio.com |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
  • {{cite web |url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/hi0821/ |title= HI-0821 |website= loc.gov |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
  • {{cite web |url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/hi/hi0800/hi0821/data/hi0821data.pdf |title= Data HI-0821 |website= loc.gov |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
  • {{cite web |url= https://archive.org/stream/CIADocuments/CIA-493#page/n0/mode/2up |title= Declassified US Government Internal Documents on the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) #493 |website= archive.org |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
  • {{cite web |url= https://archive.org/stream/CIADocuments/CIA-254_djvu.txt |title= Declassified US Government Internal Documents on the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) #254 |website= archive.org |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.engineeringradio.us/blog/2010/10/how-the-cold-war-was-won/ |title= How the Cold War was won |website= engineeringradio.us |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.mapability.com/ei8ic/rhombic/wullen.php |title= Wullenwebber |website= mapability.com |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
  • {{cite news |url= http://articles.latimes.com/1987-10-11/magazine/tm-13551_1_spy-satellites/2 |title= They also serve who watch and listen |newspaper= LA Times |date= 11 October 1987 |first= James |last= Bamford |accessdate= 2 August 2015 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:AN FRD-10}}

7 : Automatic identification and data capture|Military radio systems of the United States|Radio frequency antenna types|Radio-frequency identification|Surveillance|Military electronics of the United States|Antennas (radio)
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