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词条 Angomonas deanei
释义

  1. Structure

  2. Reproduction

  3. Evolution

  4. References

  5. External links

{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
| name = Angomonas deanei
| image = Angomonas deanei structure.TIF
| image_caption = Three-dimensional reconstruction of Angomonas deanei containing a bacterial endosymbiont (green) near its nucleus (blue).[1]
| domain = Eukaryota
| unranked_regnum = Excavata
| phylum = Euglenozoa
| classis = Kinetoplastea
| ordo = Trypanosomatida
| genus = Angomonas
| species = deanei
| binomial = Angomonas deanei
| binomial_authority = (Carvalho 1973)
Teixeira & Camargo 2011[2]
| synonyms = Crithidia deanei Carvalho 1973
}}Angomonas deanei is a flagellated trypanosomatid. It is an obligate parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of insects, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. In fact the bacterial endosymbiont maintains a permanent mutualistic relationship with the protozoan such that it is no longer able to reproduce and survive on its own.[1]

The species name was accepted as Crithidia deanei until 2011, when phylogenetic analysis revealed that it belongs to the genus Angomonas, thereby becoming Angomonas deanei. The symbiotic bacterium is a member of the β-proteobacterium that descended from the common ancestor with the genus Bordetella,[2] or more likely, Taylorella.[3] The two organisms have depended on each other so much that the bacterium cannot reproduce and the protozoan can no longer infect insects when they are isolated.[4][5] Thus, this organismal association is a fine model for the evidence of the endosymbiotic theory in nature, which explains the origin of eukaryotic cell organelles such as mitochondria and plastids from individual prokaryotes.[6][7]

Structure

The body of Angomonas deanei is elliptical in shape, with a prominent tail-like flagellum at its posterior end for locomotion. The bacterial endosymbiont is inside its body and is surrounded by two membranes typical of Gram-negative bacteria, but its cell membrane presents unusual features, such as the presence of phosphatidylcholine, a major membrane lipid (atypical of bacterial membranes), and the highly reduced peptidoglycan layer, which shows reduced or absence of rigid cell wall. The cell membrane of the protozoan host contains an 18-domain β-barrel porin, which is a characteristic protein of Gram-negative bacteria.[8] In addition it contains cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine as the major phospholipids, while sterols are absent.[9] Cardiolipin is a typical lipid of bacterial membranes; phosphatidylcholine, on the other hand, is mostly present in symbiotic prokaryotes of eukaryotic cells. For symbiotic adaptation, the host trypanosome has undergone alterations such as reduced paraflagellar rod, which is required full motility of the bacterial flagella. Yet the paraflagellar rod gene PFR1 is fully functional.[10] The bacteria are known to provide essential nutrients to the host, and provide electron transport system for the production of cellular energy, the ATP molecules through its glycosomes.[4] The bacteria synthesise amino acids,[11] vitamins,[12] and haem[13] for the protozoan. In return the protozoan offers its enzymes for the complete metabolic pathways for the biosysnthesis of amino acids, lipids and nucleotides, that are absent in the bacterium.[14] Phosphatidylinositol, a membrane lipid required for cell-cell interaction, in the bacteria is also synthesised by the protozoan.[15] Thus the two organisms intimately share and exchange their metabolic systems. When the bacterium is killed using antibiotics, the protozoan can no longer infect insects,[5] due to the altered glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gp63) in the protozoan flagellum.[16]

Reproduction

The cellular reproduction shows a strong synergistic adaptation between the bacterium and the protozoan. As each symbiont is each of a single bacterium and a protozoan, and each daughter cell contains the same number, the two cells divide in a coordinated process. The bacterium divides first, followed by the protozoan organelles, and lastly the nucleus.[17]

Evolution

Symbiotic bacteria in the trypanosomatid protozoa are descended from a β-proteobacterium of the genus Bordetella.[18] With A. deanei, the bacteria have co-evolved in a mutualistic relationship characterised by intense metabolic exchanges. The endosymbiont contains enzymes and metabolic precursors that complete essential biosynthetic pathways of the host protozoan, such as those in the urea cycle and the production of haemin and polyamine.[19]

The symbiotic bacterium belongs to β-proteobacterium family Alcaligenaceae. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, it is known that it originated from a common ancestor kinetoplastid with Blastocrithidia species. The two groups are assumed to enter two different host protozoans to evolve into different species. Hence the scientific name (Candidatus) Kinetoplastibacterium crithidii was given to the bacterium.[20] Although it was initially proposed that the bacterium evolved from a common ancestor with members of Bordetella,[2] however, detailed phylogenomic analysis revealed that it is more closely related to members of the genus Taylorella.[3]

References

1. ^{{cite web| author=Labinfo |title=Angomonas deanei |date= | url= http://www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/crithidia-deanei |work= labinfo.lncc.br |publisher=National Laboratory of Scientific Computation of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Brazil |accessdate= 2013-07-08}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Teixeira MM, Borghesan TC, Ferreira RC, Santos MA, Takata CS, Campaner M, Nunes VL, Milder RV, de Souza W, Camargo EP |title= Phylogenetic validation of the genera Angomonas and Strigomonas of trypanosomatids harboring bacterial endosymbionts with the description of new species of trypanosomatids and of proteobacterial symbionts |url= |journal= Protist |volume=162 |issue= 3 | pages= 503–524 |year= 2011 |pmid= 21420905|doi= 10.1016/j.protis.2011.01.001}}
3. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Alves JM, Serrano MG, Maia da Silva F, Voegtly LJ, Matveyev AV, Teixeira MM, Camargo EP, Buck GA |title= Genome evolution and phylogenomic analysis of Candidatus Kinetoplastibacterium, the betaproteobacterial endosymbionts of Strigomonas and Angomonas |url= |journal= Genome Biol Evol |volume= 5|issue= 2 | pages= 338–350 |year= 2013 |pmid=23345457|pmc=3590767 |doi= 10.1093/gbe/evt012}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Motta MC, Soares MJ, Attias M, Morgado J, Lemos AP, Saad-Nehme J, Meyer-Fernandes JR, De Souza W |title= Ultrastructural and biochemical analysis of the relationship of Crithidia deanei with its endosymbiont |url= |journal= Eur J Cell Biol |volume=72 |issue= 4 | pages= 370–377 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9127737|doi= }}
5. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=d'Avila-Levy CM, Silva BA, Hayashi EA, Vermelho AB, Alviano CS, Saraiva EM, Branquinha MH, Santos AL |title= Influence of the endosymbiont of Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia deanei on the glycoconjugate expression and on Aedes aegypti interaction |url= |journal= FEMS Microbiol Lett |volume= 252|issue= 2 | pages= 279–286 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16216441|doi= 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.012}}
6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=de Souza W, Motta MC |title= Endosymbiosis in protozoa of the Trypanosomatidae family |url= |journal= FEMS Microbiol Lett |volume= 173|issue=1 | pages= 1–8 |year= 1999|pmid= 10220875|doi= 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13477.x}}
7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Martin W, Hoffmeister M, Rotte C, Henze K |title= An overview of endosymbiotic models for the origins of eukaryotes, their ATP-producing organelles (mitochondria and hydrogenosomes), and their heterotrophic lifestyle |url= |journal= Biol Chem |volume= 382|issue= 11 | pages= 1521–1539 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11767942|doi= 10.1515/BC.2001.187}}
8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Andrade Ida S, Vianez-Júnior JL, Goulart CL, Homblé F, Ruysschaert JM, Almeida von Krüger WM, Bisch PM, de Souza W, Mohana-Borges R, Motta MC |title= Characterization of a porin channel in the endosymbiont of the trypanosomatid protozoan Crithidia deanei |url= |journal= Microbiology |volume=157 |issue= Pt 10 | pages= 2818–2830 |year= 2011 |pmid= 21757490|doi= 10.1099/mic.0.049247-0}}
9. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Palmié-Peixoto IV, Rocha MR, Urbina JA, de Souza W, Einicker-Lamas M, Motta MC |title= Effects of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors on endosymbiont-bearing trypanosomatids |url= |journal= FEMS Microbiol Lett |volume=255 |issue=1 | pages= 33–42 |year= 2006 |pmid=16436059 |doi= 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00056.x}}
10. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Gadelha C, Wickstead B, de Souza W, Gull K, Cunha-e-Silva N |title= Cryptic paraflagellar rod in endosymbiont-containing kinetoplastid protozoa |url= |journal= Eukaryot Cell |volume=4 |issue= 3 | pages= 516–525 |year=2005 |pmid= 15755914|pmc= 1087800 |doi=10.1128/EC.4.3.516-525.2005}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Alves|first1=João MP|last2=Klein|first2=Cecilia C|last3=da Silva|first3=Flávia|last4=Costa-Martins|first4=André G|last5=Serrano|first5=Myrna G|last6=Buck|first6=Gregory A|last7=Vasconcelos|first7=Ana Tereza R|last8=Sagot|first8=Marie-France|last9=Teixeira|first9=Marta MG|last10=Motta|first10=Maria Cristina M|last11=Camargo|first11=Erney P|title=Endosymbiosis in trypanosomatids: the genomic cooperation between bacterium and host in the synthesis of essential amino acids is heavily influenced by multiple horizontal gene transfers|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=2013|volume=13|issue=1|pages=190|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-190|pmid=24015778|pmc=3846528}}
12. ^{{cite journal|last1=Klein|first1=Cecilia C.|last2=Alves|first2=João M. P.|last3=Serrano|first3=Myrna G.|last4=Buck|first4=Gregory A.|last5=Vasconcelos|first5=Ana Tereza R.|last6=Sagot|first6=Marie-France|last7=Teixeira|first7=Marta M. G.|last8=Camargo|first8=Erney P.|last9=Motta|first9=Maria Cristina M.|last10=Parkinson|first10=John|title=Biosynthesis of vitamins and cofactors in bacterium-harbouring trypanosomatids depends on the symbiotic association as revealed by genomic analyses|journal=PLoS ONE|date=2013|volume=8|issue=11|pages=e79786|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0079786|pmid=24260300|pmc=3833962}}
13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Alves|first1=João M. P.|last2=Voegtly|first2=Logan|last3=Matveyev|first3=Andrey V.|last4=Lara|first4=Ana M.|last5=da Silva|first5=Flávia Maia|last6=Serrano|first6=Myrna G.|last7=Buck|first7=Gregory A.|last8=Teixeira|first8=Marta M. G.|last9=Camargo|first9=Erney P.|title=Identification and phylogenetic analysis of heme synthesis genes in trypanosomatids and their bacterial endosymbionts|journal=PLoS ONE|date=2011|volume=6|issue=8|pages=e23518|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0023518|pmid=21853145|pmc=3154472}}
14. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Motta MC, Martins AC, de Souza SS, Catta-Preta CM, Silva R, Klein CC, de Almeida LG, de Lima Cunha O, Ciapina LP, Brocchi M, Colabardini AC, de Araujo Lima B, Machado CR, de Almeida Soares CM, Probst CM, de Menezes CB, Thompson CE, Bartholomeu DC, Gradia DF, Pavoni DP, Grisard EC, Fantinatti-Garboggini F, Marchini FK, Rodrigues-Luiz GF, Wagner G, Goldman GH, Fietto JL, Elias MC, Goldman MH, Sagot MF, Pereira M, Stoco PH, de Mendonça-Neto RP, Teixeira SM, Maciel TE, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Ürményi TP, de Souza W, Schenkman S, de Vasconcelos AT |title= Predicting the proteins of Angomonas deanei, Strigomonas culicis and their respective endosymbionts reveals new aspects of the trypanosomatidae family |url= |journal= PLoS ONE |volume= 8|issue= 4 | pages= e60209 |year= 2013 |pmid=23560078|pmc=3616161 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0060209}}
15. ^{{cite journal|last1=de Azevedo-Martins|first1=Allan C|last2=Alves|first2=João MP|last3=Garcia de Mello|first3=Fernando|last4=Vasconcelos|first4=Ana Tereza R|last5=de Souza|first5=Wanderley|last6=Einicker-Lamas|first6=Marcelo|last7=Motta|first7=Maria Cristina M|title=Biochemical and phylogenetic analyses of phosphatidylinositol production in Angomonas deanei, an endosymbiont-harboring trypanosomatid|journal=Parasites & Vectors|date=2015|volume=8|issue=1|pages=247|doi=10.1186/s13071-015-0854-x|pmid=25903782|pmc=4424895}}
16. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=d'Avila-Levy CM, Santos LO, Marinho FA, Matteoli FP, Lopes AH, Motta MC, Santos AL, Branquinha MH |title= Crithidia deanei: influence of parasite gp63 homologue on the interaction of endosymbiont-harboring and aposymbiotic strains with Aedes aegypti midgut |url= |journal= Exp Parasitol |volume=118 |issue= 3 | pages= 345–353 |year= 2008 |pmid= 17945218|doi= 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.09.007}}
17. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Motta MC, Catta-Preta CM, Schenkman S, de Azevedo Martins AC, Miranda K, de Souza W, Elias MC |title= The bacterium endosymbiont of Crithidia deanei undergoes coordinated division with the host cell nucleus |url= |journal= PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue= 8 | pages=e12415 |year= 2010 |pmid= 20865129|pmc=2932560|doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0012415}}
18. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Du Y, McLaughlin G, Chang KP |title= 16S ribosomal DNA sequence identities of beta-proteobacterial endosymbionts in three Crithidia species |url= |journal= Journal of Bacteriology |volume= 176|issue= 10 | pages= 3081–3084 |year= 1994 |pmid=8188611 |pmc=205468|doi= 10.1128/jb.176.10.3081-3084.1994}}
19. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Frossard ML, Seabra SH, DaMatta RA, de Souza W, de Mello FG, Machado Motta MC |title= An endosymbiont positively modulates ornithine decarboxylase in host trypanosomatids |url= |journal= Biochem Biophys Res Commun |volume=343 |issue=2 | pages= 443–449 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16546131 |doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.168}}
20. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Du Y, Maslov DA, Chang KP |title= Monophyletic origin of beta-division proteobacterial endosymbionts and their coevolution with insect trypanosomatid protozoa Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia spp. |url= |journal= Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume= 91|issue=18 | pages= 8437–8441 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7521530|pmc=44621|doi= 10.1073/pnas.91.18.8437}}

External links

  • Taxonomy at Glycobase
  • [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/E2IFU4 Protein database and taxonomy at UniProt]
  • Taxonomic information
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003750/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=943 Taxonomic hierarchy at The Taxonomicon]
  • Genome information at Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
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7 : Trypanosomatida|Parasitic excavates|Parasites of insects|Symbiosis|Endosymbiotic events|Species described in 1973|Articles containing video clips
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