词条 | ANKK1 |
释义 |
Ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) also known as protein kinase PKK2 or sugen kinase 288 (SgK288) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANKK1 gene. The ANKK1 is a member of an extensive family of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family, and protein kinase superfamily involved in signal transduction pathways. Clinical significanceThis gene contains a single nucleotide polymorphism that causes an amino acid substitution within the 11th of 12 ankyrin repeats of ANKK1 (Glu713Lys of 765 residues). This polymorphism, which is commonly referred to Taq1A, was previously believed to be located in the promoter region of the DRD2 gene, since the polymorphism is proximal to the DRD2 gene and can influence DRD2 receptor expression.[1] It is now known to be located in the coding region of the ANKK1 gene which controls the synthesis of dopamine in the brain.[2] The A1 allele is associated with increased activity of striatal L-amino acid decarboxylase.[3] A1+ allele
Given that the A1+ allele is associated with antisocial personality disorder, one may infer that the allele is also associated with narcissistic personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder. However, these predictions have not yet been empirically verified. A1+ genotype frequenciesEuropean population estimates for A1+ genotype frequencies range from 20.8 to 43.4% (National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI), identification number rs1800497).[8] Addictive behaviorsThe ANKK1 gene is closely linked to dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) on chromosome band 11q23.1.[9] The A1 allele of the Taq1A polymorphism (rs1800497T), is located ≈10kb downstream of the dopamine receptor DRD2 gene. Dopamine (DA) is a neurotransmitter in the brain, which controls feelings of wellbeing. This sensation results from the interaction of dopamine and other neurotransmitters such as serotonin, the opioids, and other brain chemicals. Dopamine increases the motivation for food cravings and appetite mediation.[10] The Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) involves the pleasures or reward mechanisms that rely on dopamine. The result of this deficiency is based on the genetic makeup; this helps explain how certain simple genetic anomalies can give rise to complex aberrant behaviours as the ones mentioned previously. The A1 allelic prevalence has been reported to be significantly higher in obese individuals than in lean subjects, moreover, individuals with increased body mass index (BMI) (BMI >30 kg/m²) have fewer DRD2 dopamine receptors. Investigators have also suggested that hormonal mechanism may underline a gender difference in the ability to suppress hunger in relation to this SNP, which may contribute to the greater incidence of obesity in women compared to men.[12] However, authors have pointed out that A1 carriers have difficulty in learning from negative feedback in a reinforcement-learning task and are less efficient at learning to avoid actions that have negative consequences. References1. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lucht M, Rosskopf D | title = Comment on "Genetically determined differences in learning from errors" | journal = Science | volume = 321 | issue = 5886 | pages = 200; author reply 200 |date=July 2008 | pmid = 18621654 | doi = 10.1126/science.1155372 }} [9][10][11]2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Neville MJ, Johnstone EC, Walton RT | title = Identification and characterization of ANKK1: a novel kinase gene closely linked to DRD2 on chromosome band 11q23.1 | journal = Hum. Mutat. | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 540–5 |date=June 2004 | pmid = 15146457 | doi = 10.1002/humu.20039 }} 3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Laakso A, Pohjalainen T, Bergman J, Kajander J, Haaparanta M, Solin O, Syvälahti E, Hietala J | title = The A1 allele of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene is associated with increased activity of striatal L-amino acid decarboxylase in healthy subjects | journal = Pharmacogenet. Genomics | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 387–91 |date=June 2005 | pmid = 15900211 | doi = 10.1097/01213011-200506000-00003}} 4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lawford B, Young R, Noble EP, Crawford D, Rowell J, Shadforth S, Ritchie T, Zhang X, Cooksley GE | title = The DRD2A₁allele: a behavioural genetic risk factor in hepatitis C infection of persistent drug abusers | journal = Addict Biol | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–6 |date=January 1999 | pmid = 20575771 | doi = 10.1080/13556219971858 }} 5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lu RB, Lee JF, Huang SY, Lee SY, Chang YH, Kuo PH, Chen SL, Chen SH, Chu CH, Lin WW, Wu PL, Ko HC | title = Interaction between ALDH2*1*1 and DRD2/ANKK1 TaqI A1A1 genes may be associated with antisocial personality disorder not co-morbid with alcoholism | journal = Addict Biol | volume = 17| issue = | pages = 865–874|date=November 2010 | pmid = 21070510 | doi = 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00268.x }} 6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Ponce G, Hoenicka J, Jiménez-Arriero MA, Rodríguez-Jiménez R, Aragüés M, Martín-Suñé N, Huertas E, Palomo T | title = DRD2 and ANKK1 genotype in alcohol-dependent patients with psychopathic traits: association and interaction study | journal = Br J Psychiatry | volume = 193 | issue = 2 | pages = 121–5 |date=August 2008 | pmid = 18669994 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.041582 }} 7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum K, Braverman ER, Wu S, Cull JG, Chen TJ, Gill J, Wood R, Eisenberg A, Sherman M, Davis KR, Matthews D, Fischer L, Schnautz N, Walsh W, Pontius AA, Zedar M, Kaats G, Comings DE | title = Association of polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), and dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes with schizoid/avoidant behaviors (SAB) | journal = Mol. Psychiatry | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 239–46 |date=May 1997 | pmid = 9152988 | doi = 10.1038/sj.mp.4000261}} 8. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=rs1800497 | title = rs1800497 | work = Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report | publisher = United States National Center for Biotechnology Information }} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Heber D, Carpenter CL | title = Addictive Genes and the Relationship to Obesity and Inflammation | journal = Molecular Neurobiology | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 160–165 | date = 19 April 2011 | pmid = 21499988 | doi = 10.1007/s12035-011-8180-6 | pmc=3180592}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Neville MJ, Johnstone EC, Walton RT | title = Identification and characterization of ANKK1: A novel kinase gene closely linked to DRD2 on chromosome band 11q23.1 | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 540–545 | date = 22 April 2004 | pmid = 15146457 | doi = 10.1002/humu.20039 }} 11. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Stice E, Spoor S, Bohon C, Small DM | title = Relation Between Obesity and Blunted Striatal Response to Food Is Moderated by TaqIA A1 Allele | journal = Science | volume = 322 | issue = 5900 | pages = 449–452 | date = 17 October 2008 | pmid = 18927395 | doi = 10.1126/science.1161550 | pmc=2681095}} }} External links
2 : Signal transduction|Protein kinases |
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