| 词条 | Anna Clemenc |
| 释义 |
| name = Anna Klobuchar Clemenc | image = Annie Clemenc.jpg | alt = Smiling woman with an American flag | caption = Photograph of Anna Clemenc in a newspaper publication on February 28, 1914 | birth_name = Anna Klobuchar | birth_date = March 2, 1888 | birth_place = Calumet, Michigan, U.S. | death_date = July 27, 1956 (aged 68) | death_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S. | nationality = United States | other_names = "Big Annie" | children = Darwina Shavs {{citation needed|date=March 2016}} | height = {{height|ft=6|in=2}} }} Anna "Big Annie" Klobuchar Clemenc{{#tag:ref|Her last name has been misspelled as "Clemens",[1] "Clements",{{sfn|Thurner|1994|p=343}} "Clemence", and "Clemenec".{{sfn|Wendland|1986|p=7}} In addition, she signed her first name at least once as "Ana".{{sfn|Thurner|1994|p=343}}|group=lower-alpha}} (March 2, 1888 – July 27, 1956; pronounced "Clements"{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=27}}) was an American labor activist. Born in Calumet, Michigan, she founded and served as president of the local Women's Auxiliary No. 15 of the Western Federation of Miners and was an active participant in the Copper Country Strike of 1913–1914. She is an inducted member of the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame. BiographyClemenc was born in 1888 in Calumet, Michigan, to George and Mary (née Adam) Klobuchar, the eldest of five children.{{sfn|Engle|1999|p=17}} In 1890 or 1891, the family returned to Slovenia, where the youngest Klobuchar sibling, Mary, was born February 2, 1892. They lived in George Klobuchar's home village of Dobliče near Crnomelj. Mary Adam Klobuchar was from Dolnja Paka, also near Crnomelj. In the United States, George was employed in one of the Calumet and Hecla mines and Mary was a domestic worker.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=27}} EducationAnnie Klobuchar graduated from the eighth grade at a school operated by the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=27}}[2] She then began working with a local church giving aid to crippled miners and assisted her family financially by doing laundry.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=27}} Because of her {{convert|6|ft|2|in|m|adj=mid}} height, Clemenc was commonly known as "Big Annie" and less commonly as "Tall Annie".{{sfn|Wendland|1986|p=4}} First marriageAt age eighteen, Anna married a Croatian miner, Joseph Clemenc. The only description of Joseph came from Anna's brother Frank, who stated that Clemenc was {{convert|6|ft|4|in|m}} tall and "quiet and mild-mannered."{{sfn|Stanley|1996|pp=27–28}} Following Joseph's repeated physical abuse of Anna and marital discord related to Joseph's alcoholism, the couple divorced around 1914.[2] Labor activismIn February 1913, Clemenc spearheaded the formation of the Women's Auxiliary No. 15 of the Western Federation of Miners in Calumet.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=27}} On July 23, a miners' strike was called in Michigan's Copper Country.{{sfn|United States Department of Labor|1914|p=42}} Clemenc frequently led marches in support of the miners wearing a plain gingham dress and carrying a large American flag on a ten-foot pole.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=31}} In August, Clemenc led the funeral procession for Alois Tijan and Steve Putrich who died in the Seeberville Affair.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=51}} On September 10, Clemenc and five other women stopped a man from going to work, whom they mistakenly believed to be a non-striker, and were arrested after fighting with deputies.{{sfn|Engle|1999|p=19}} Clemenc was elected president of the auxiliary by December 1913.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=66}} Italian Hall disaster{{Main|Italian Hall disaster}}Five months into the strike, Clemenc and the Women's Auxiliary planned a Christmas party to be held at Italian Hall in Calumet on December 24.{{sfn|Engle|1999|p=19}} About 500 children and 175 parents were in attendance in the second-floor hall when a false cry of "fire" was heard, leading to a stampede down the main staircase in what became known as the Italian Hall disaster.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=220}} Over 75 died, most of them children.{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=1}}{{sfn|Harrington|1975|p=6}} Carrying her flag, Clemenc led the funeral procession for the victims.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=74}} In January 1914, Clemenc served a ten-day jail sentence for previously assaulting a non-striking miner.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=82}} In February and March, she went on a lecture tour of the Midwest to raise funds for survivors of the Italian Hall disaster and to encourage workers to unionize.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|pp=82–83}} Second marriage and daughterAfter the tour, she moved to Chicago and married Frank Shavs. At the age of 26, she gave birth to her only child, Darwina.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=93}} Little is known of Anna's later life. She worked two jobs making hats,{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=93}} Darwina lost her left arm in an automobile accident, and Frank became a "drunkard and a wife-beater".{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=94}} Clemenc died of cancer in Chicago in 1956, aged 68.{{sfn|Wendland|1986|p=7}}{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=94}} LegacyContemporary accounts of Clemenc referred to her as an "American Joan of Arc".{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=53}}[3] Her legacy was largely forgotten until the 1970s.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=94}} The Michigan House of Representatives described her as "one of Michigan's most valiant, yet largely forgotten and unrecognized, women."{{sfn|Michigan House of Representatives|1980|p=1804}} June 17, 1980, was declared Annie Clemenc day in Michigan.{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=94}} A portrait of Clemenc with her flag was commissioned by the Michigan Women's Studies Association and painted by Andy Willis.{{sfn|Wendland|1986|p=7}}{{sfn|Michigan House of Representatives|1980|p=1804}} It was unveiled in the Michigan State Capitol on June 17, 1980, and later transferred to the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.[2]{{sfn|Michigan House of Representatives|1980|p=1804}} She was the first person nominated for the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame, was inducted in 1996, and is one of three women included on the Hall of Fame medallion.[4]{{sfn|Stanley|1996|p=94}} A sign commemorating her induction into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame stood at the site of the now demolished Italian Hall, but it was removed at some point.{{sfn|Hoagland|2010|p=228}}[5] Notes1. ^{{cite news|title=Rioters Arrested; One a Woman|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6RcrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v5wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4741,120872&dq=annie+clemenc&hl=en|accessdate=November 10, 2012|newspaper=Reading Eagle|date=October 1, 1913|page=15}} 2. ^{{Cite book|author=Comstock, Lyndon|title=Annie Clemenc and the Great Keweenaw Copper Strike|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|year=2013|ISBN=1-4895-4871-8|pages=110, 125 et seq.}} 3. ^{{cite news|last=Cochran|first=N.D.|title= A Heroine Whose Name is not Found in the Society Columns|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1913-10-08/ed-1/seq-1|accessdate=October 31, 2012|newspaper=The Day Book|location=Chicago, IL|page=1|date=October 8, 1913}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Anna Clemenc|url=http://hall.michiganwomen.org/honoree.php?C=0&A=126~127~125~122~128~121~123~124|publisher=Michigan Women's Historical Center & Hall of Fame|accessdate=October 20, 2012}} 5. ^{{cite news|last=Hauglie|first=Kurt|title=Big Annie Focus of Coppertown Exhibit|newspaper=The Daily Mining Gazette|date=December 23, 2013}} References{{Reflist|30em}}Works cited{{refbegin}}
External links{{Commons category|Anna Clemenc}}
6 : 1888 births|1956 deaths|People from Calumet, Michigan|American trade unionists|American people of Slovenian descent|Deaths from cancer in Illinois |
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