“Otto von Habsburg”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Otto von Habsburg^[1] (20 November 1912{{spaced ndash}} 4 July 2011),^[2]^[3] also known by his traditional royal title of Archduke Otto of Austria, was the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary from 1916 until the dissolution of the empire in 1919, a realm which comprised modern-day Austria, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and parts of Italy, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine. He became the pretender to the former thrones, Head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece^[4] in 1922, upon the death of his father. He resigned as Sovereign of the Golden Fleece in 2000 and as head of the Imperial House in 2007.

The eldest son of Charles I and IV, the last Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, and his wife, Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Otto was born as third in line to the thrones, as Archduke Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia, and Croatia.^[1]^[2] With his father's accession to the thrones in 1916, he was likely to become emperor and king. As his father never abdicated, Otto was considered by himself, his family and Austro-Hungarian legitimists to be the rightful emperor-king from 1922.^[5]

Otto was active on the Austrian and European political stage from the 1930s, both by promoting the cause of Habsburg restoration and as an early proponent of European integration—being thoroughly disgusted with nationalism—and a fierce opponent of Nazism and communism.^[2]^[6] He has been described as one of the leaders of the Austrian Resistance.^[7] After the 1938 Anschluss, where monarchists were severely persecuted in Austria and sentenced to death by the Nazis,{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Otto fled Europe to the United States.

Otto von Habsburg was Vice President (1957–1973) and President (1973–2004) of the International Paneuropean Union, and served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) from 1979 to 1999. As a newly elected Member of the European Parliament in 1979, Otto had an empty chair set up for the countries on the other side of the Iron Curtain in the European Parliament, and took a strong interest in the countries behind the Iron Curtain. Otto von Habsburg played a notable role in the revolutions of 1989, as a co-initiator of the Pan-European Picnic. Later he was a strong supporter of the EU membership of central and eastern European countries.^[8] A noted intellectual, he published several books on historical and political affairs. Otto has been described as one of the "architects of the European idea and of European integration" together with Robert Schuman, Konrad Adenauer, and Alcide De Gasperi.^[9]

Otto was exiled in 1918 and grew up mostly in Spain. His devout Catholic mother raised him according to the old curriculum of Austria-Hungary, preparing him to become a Catholic monarch. During his life in exile, he lived in Switzerland, Madeira, Spain, Belgium, France, the United States, and from 1954 until his death, finally in Bavaria (Germany), in the residence Villa Austria. At the time of his death, he was a citizen of Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia, having earlier been stateless de jure and de facto, and possessed passports of Monaco, the Order of Malta, and Spain. In 1961, he was offered the crown of Spain by Francisco Franco. He refused, and Juan Carlos of the House of Bourbon was made Franco's successor instead.

His funeral took place at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna on 16 July 2011; he was entombed in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna and his heart buried in Pannonhalma Archabbey in Hungary.

Early life

Otto was born at Villa Wartholz in Reichenau an der Rax, Austria-Hungary. He was baptised Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xavier Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius on 25 November 1912 at Villa Wartholz by the Prince-Archbishop of Vienna, Cardinal Franz Xaver Nagl. This name was named to promote as Franz Joseph II in the future. His godfather was the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (represented by Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria); his godmother was his grandmother Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal.^[10]

In November 1916, Otto became Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia^[1]^[2] when his father, Archduke Charles, acceded to the throne. However, in 1918, at the end of the First World War, the monarchies were abolished, the republics of Austria and Hungary were founded in their place, and the family was forced into exile in Madeira.^[11] Hungary did become a kingdom again, but Charles was never to regain the throne. Instead, Miklós Horthy ruled as regent until 1944, in a kingdom without a king.

Otto spoke German, Hungarian, Croatian, English, Spanish, French and Latin fluently. In later life, he would write some forty books in German, Hungarian, French and Spanish.^[12] His mother made him learn many languages because she believed he one day might rule over many lands.^[13]^[14]

Years in exile

Otto's family spent the subsequent years in Switzerland, and on the Portuguese island of Madeira, where Charles died prematurely in 1922, leaving the nine-year-old Otto pretender to the throne. On his father's deathbed, his mother, Empress Dowager Zita, told Otto, "your father is now sleeping the eternal sleep—you are now Emperor and King".^[15] The family eventually relocated to the Basque town of Lekeitio, where forty Spanish grandees bought them a villa.

Meanwhile, the Austrian parliament had officially expelled the Habsburg dynasty and confiscated all the official property via the Habsburg Law of 3 April 1919. Charles was banned from ever returning to Austria again, while Otto and other male members could only return if they renounced all claims to the throne and accepted the status of private citizens.

In 1935, he graduated with a PhD degree in Political and Social Sciences from the University of Louvain in Belgium. His thesis was on "the right, born of usage and of the peasant law of inheritance, of the indivisibility of rural land ownership in Austria".^[16]{{r|gunther1936}} In 1937 he wrote,^[17]

He continued to enjoy considerable public support in Austria; from 1931 to 1938, 1,603 Austrian municipalities named Otto an honorary citizen.^[18] John Gunther believed that Zita was less popular among Austrians, however, writing in 1936 that "restoration would be a good deal closer if Otto's return would not mean also the return of his mother—to say nothing of hundreds of assorted and impoverished Habsburg cousins and aunts, who would flock to Vienna like ants to a keg of syrup". A greater obstacle, he wrote, was the opposition of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, which feared that their people might want to rejoin a recreated monarchy.{{r|gunther1936}}

World War II

He strongly opposed the Anschluss, and in 1938 requested Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg to resist Nazi Germany. He supported international intervention^[6] and offered to return from exile to take over the reins of government to repel the Nazis.^[20] According to Gerald Warner, "Austrian Jews were among the strongest supporters of a Habsburg restoration, since they believed the dynasty would give the nation sufficient resolve to stand up to the Third Reich".^[21]

Following the German annexation of Austria, Otto was sentenced to death by the Nazi regime; Rudolf Hess ordered that Otto was to be executed immediately if caught.^[22]^[23] As ordered by Adolf Hitler, his personal property and that of the House of Habsburg were confiscated. It was not returned after the war.^[24] The so-called "Habsburg Law", which had previously been repealed, was reintroduced by the Nazis. The leaders of the Austrian legitimist movement, i.e. supporters of Otto, were arrested by the Nazis and largely executed (Stefan Zweig's novella The Royal Game is based on these events). Otto's cousins Max, Duke of Hohenberg, and Prince Ernst of Hohenberg were arrested in Vienna by the Gestapo and sent to Dachau concentration camp where they remained throughout Nazi rule. Otto was involved in helping around 15,000 Austrians,^[25] including thousands of Austrian Jews, flee the country at the beginning of the Second World War.^[16]^[26]

After the German invasion of France in 1940, the family left the French capital and fled to Portugal with a visa issued by Aristides de Sousa Mendes, the Portuguese consul in Bordeaux.^[27] For his own safety, Otto left the European continent for the United States and lived from 1940 to 1944 in Washington, D.C. In 1941, Hitler personally revoked the citizenship of Otto, his mother and his siblings, and the imperial-royal family found themselves stateless.^[28]

During his wartime exile in the United States, Otto and his younger brothers were in direct contact with President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the federal government. His efforts to create an "Austrian Battalion" in the United States Army were delayed and never implemented. However, he successfully convinced the U.S. to halt or limit the bombardment of Austrian cities, especially the capital, Vienna,^[25] which were consequently delayed by high-ranking commanding personnel; bombardments on Vienna began later in the war (1943). Otto tried hard to set symbolic steps for the will of Austria and Austrians to be free, independent and democratic; he expressed concern that after the war, Austria was in danger of becoming a Soviet satellite state. Otto was commonly known in the U.S. as "Otto of Austria", trying to keep Austria and its neighbors in the minds of the American people via starting a series of stamps (the Overrun Countries series) containing the German-occupied nations of Europe.

He obtained the support of Winston Churchill for a conservative "Danube Federation", in effect a restoration of Austria-Hungary, but Joseph Stalin put an end to these plans.^[20] He lobbied for the recognition of an Austrian government-in-exile, for the rights of the German-speaking population of South Tyrol, against the deportation of the German-speaking inhabitants of Bohemia and eastern Europe, and against letting Stalin rule Eastern Europe.^[29]^[30]

After World War II

At the end of the war, Otto returned to Europe and lived for some years in France and Spain.

In 1949, he ennobled several people, granting them Austrian noble titles, although not recognized by the Austrian republic.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} As he did not possess a passport and was effectively stateless, he was given a passport of the Principality of Monaco, thanks to the intervention of Charles de Gaulle in 1946. As a Knight of Malta, the order also issued him a diplomatic passport. Later, he was also issued with a Spanish diplomatic passport.^[31]

On 8 May 1956, Otto was recognized as an Austrian citizen by the provincial government of Lower Austria.^[32] The Austrian Interior Ministry approved this declaration of Citizenship, but on the condition that he accept the name Dr. Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, on 8 February 1957. However, this only entitled him to a passport "valid in every country but Austria".^[33] Otto had already submitted a written statement, on 21 February 1958, that he and his family would renounce all privileges to which a member of the House of Habsburg was formerly entitled, but this first declaration did not satisfy the requirements of the Habsburg Law, which stated that Otto and other descendants of Charles could only return to Austria if they renounced all royal claims and accepted the status of private citizens. In 1961, Spanish caudillo Francisco Franco offered to make him king of Spain after his own death, which Otto declined.^[34]^[35] He officially declared his loyalty to the Republic of Austria on 5 June 1961, but this statement was ruled insufficient as well.

In a declaration dated 31 May 1961, Otto renounced all claims to the Austrian throne and proclaimed himself "a loyal citizen of the republic", "for purely practical reasons".^[36] In a 2007 interview on the occasion of his approaching 95th birthday, Otto stated:

The Austrian administrative court found on 24 May 1963 that Otto's statement was sufficient to meet this requirement. His wife and he were then issued a Certified Proof of Citizenship on 20 July 1965. However, several elements in the country, particularly the Socialists, were ill-disposed to welcoming back the heir of the deposed dynasty. This touched off political infighting and civil unrest that almost precipitated a crisis of state, and later became known as the "Habsburg Crisis".^[38] It was only on 1 June 1966, after the People's Party won an outright majority in the national election, that Otto was issued an Austrian passport, and was finally able to visit his home country again on 31 October 1966 for the first time in 48 years. That day, he traveled to Innsbruck to visit the grave of Archduke Eugen of Austria. Later, he visited Vienna on 5 July 1967.^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]

Political career

An early advocate of a unified Europe, Otto was president of the International Paneuropean Union from 1973 to 2004.^[45] He served from 1979 until 1999 as a Member of the European Parliament for the conservative Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) party, eventually becoming the senior member of the European Parliament. He was also a member of the Mont Pelerin Society.^[46] He was a major supporter of the expansion of the European Union from the beginning and especially of the acceptance of Hungary, Slovenia and Croatia. During his time in the European Parliament, he was involved in a fracas with fellow MEP Ian Paisley, a unionist Protestant pastor from Northern Ireland. In 1988, Pope John Paul II had just begun a speech to the Parliament when Paisley, a vehement anti-Catholic, shouted that the Pope was the Antichrist, and held up a poster reading "Pope John Paul II Antichrist". Otto snatched Paisley's banner and, along with other MEPs, ejected him from the chamber.^[47]

He was one of the men instrumental in organising the so-called Pan-European Picnic at the Hungary-Austria border on 19 August 1989.^[2] This event is considered a milestone in the collapse of Communist dictatorships in Europe.^[48]

In December 2006, he observed that, "The catastrophe of 11 September 2001 struck the United States more profoundly than any of us, whence a certain mutual incomprehension. Until then, the United States felt itself secure, persuaded of its power to bombard any enemy, without anyone being able to strike back. That sentiment vanished in an instant. Americans understand viscerally for the first time the risks they face."^[49] He was known as a supporter of the rights of refugees and displaced people in Europe, notably of the ethnic Germans displaced from Bohemia where he was once the Crown Prince.^[50] He was a jury member of the Franz Werfel Human Rights Award.^[51] He also held Francisco Franco in a high regard and praised him for helping refugees, stating that he was "a dictator of the South American type, not totalitarian like Hitler or Stalin".^[52]

In 2002, he was named the first-ever honorary member of the European People's Party group.^[53]

On the 2008 anniversary of the Anschluss,^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58] Otto von Habsburg made a statement as part of his "1938 Remembrance Day" address before Parliament that "there is no country in Europe that has a better claim to be a victim of the Nazis than Austria".^[59] Although his speech received an ovation,^[60] this received public protest, media criticism and disapproval voiced by Austrian politicians.^[61] Social Democratic Party Defence Minister Norbert Darabos was quoted as saying that the remarks were "unacceptable", "a veritable democratic-political scandal" and that he had "insulted the victims of National Socialism". Otto von Habsburg was also quoted as saying that "a discussion as to whether Austria was an accomplice or a victim is an outrage".^[62]

Death and funeral

After the death of his wife, Regina, aged 85, in Pöcking on 3 February 2010, Otto stopped appearing in public. He died at the age of 98 on Monday, 4 July 2011, at his home in Pöcking, Germany. His spokeswoman reported that he died "peacefully and without pain in his sleep".^[2]^[5] On 5 July, his body was laid in repose in the Church of St. Ulrich near his home in Pöcking, Bavaria, and a massive 13-day period of mourning started in several countries formerly part of Austria-Hungary.^[65] Otto's coffin was draped with the Habsburg flag decorated with the imperial–royal coats of arms of Austria and Hungary in addition to the Habsburg family coat of arms. In line with the Habsburg family tradition, Otto von Habsburg was buried in the family's crypt in Vienna, while his heart was buried in a monastery in Pannonhalma, Hungary.^[5]

Family

He married Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen on 10 May 1951 at the Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers in Nancy, capital city of Lorraine.^[66] The wedding was attended by his mother, Empress Zita. He returned there with his wife for their golden jubilee in 2001. Otto lived in retirement at the Villa Austria in Pöcking near Starnberg, upon Starnberger See, Upper Bavaria, Bavaria, Germany.

At the time of his death in 2011, the couple had seven children, 22 grandchildren and two great-grandchildren:^[67]

Titles and styles

Titles in pretence from 1 April 1922

Official in Austria

Official in Croatia

Official in Germany

Otto von Habsburg became a citizen of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1978, and was allowed the official name:

Honours

National dynastic honours

Foreign honours

Awards

Non-governmental awards

Academic awards

Ancestry

Footnotes

1. ^Otto was born as His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia and became the Crown Prince of these countries in 1916. After 1919, titles of nobility were formally abolished in Austria, thus in official use the "von" disappeared before Habsburg. The same applied after Habsburg became a German citizen (see Printausgabe der deutschen Wochenzeitung die Zeit of 21 July 2011, p. 36). By courtesy, he would also be referred to by the European royal and princely courts by his former style and title, i.e. as His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria. In the Austrian republic the authorities referred to him from 1919 as Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, a name he never used himself. Otto did not live in Austria after 1918, and his citizenship there was revoked by Adolf Hitler in 1941, making him stateless. His Austrian citizenship was only restored in 1965. Otto later became a citizen of or was issued passports of several other countries, where his official name was Otto von Habsburg. As a Member of the European Parliament for Germany, his official name in the European Union was Otto von Habsburg. On his website, he used the style and name His Imperial and Royal Highness Dr. Otto von Habsburg.
2. ^¹²³{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/05/world/europe/05habsburg.html?_r=1&ref=deathsobituaries|title=Otto von Hapsburg, a Would-Be Monarch, Dies at 98|author=Nicholas Kulish|work=The New York Times|date=4 July 2011}}
3. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14019319|title=Habsburg: Last heir to Austro-Hungarian empire dies |publisher=BBC News |date=4 July 2011|accessdate=5 July 2011}}
4. ^{{Cite news|title=Die vielen Pflichten des Adels|url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/oesterreich/278334_Die-vielen-Pflichten-des-Adels.html|date=5 July 2011|newspaper=Wiener Zeitung|language=German|accessdate=11 July 2011}}
5. ^¹²{{Cite news|title=Death of former 'kaiser in exile' and last heir to Austro-Hungarian throne|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0705/1224300090924.html|date=4 July 2011|newspaper=The Irish Times|accessdate=5 July 2011|first=Derek|last=Scally}}
6. ^¹Kaiser-Sohn Otto von Habsburg gestorben Deutsche Welle, 4 July 2011 {{de icon}}
7. ^{{cite web|author= Tibor Pásztory |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/meinungen/gastkommentare/289459_Die-beliebtesten-Irrtuemer-zur-Monarchie.html |title=Die beliebtesten Irrtümer zur Monarchie |publisher=Wienerzeitung.at |accessdate=16 July 2011}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.budapesttimes.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2474&Itemid=1 |title=The Budapest Times – Hungary‘s leading English Language source for daily news |publisher=Budapesttimes.hu |date=26 November 2007 |accessdate=9 July 2011}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kathweb.at/site/focus/database/40311.html?SWS=04a92352c9cf628f76e57b8d7708989e |title= Trauer um Otto von Habsburg |publisher=Kathweb.at |accessdate=8 July 2011}}
10. ^Wiener Zeitung, 26 November 1912.
11. ^{{cite news|last=Scally|first=Derek|title=Death of former 'kaiser in exile' and last heir to Austro-Hungarian throne|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0705/1224300090924.html|accessdate=29 September 2011|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=5 July 2011}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.de/national/20110704-36065.html|title=Otto von Habsburg, heir to Austria's last emperor, dies at 98|publisher=The Local|accessdate=5 July 2011}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789670,00.html|title=Habsburg Empire: Clown Prince|publisher=TIME|date=11 March 1940|accessdate=5 July 2011}}
14. ^{{cite news|last=Warren|first=David|title=The Europe that might have been|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/Europe+that+might+have+been/5055722/story.html|accessdate=29 September 2011|newspaper=The Ottawa Citizen|date=10 July 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828135955/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/opinion/Europe+that+might+have+been/5055722/story.html|archivedate=28 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/innenpolitik/675151/Habsburgs-Erbe-zerfiel-und-erlebte-dennoch-eine-Renaissance?_vl_backlink=/home/politik/innenpolitik/index.do |title=Habsburgs Erbe zerfiel und erlebte dennoch eine Renaissance |publisher=Diepresse.com |date=27 May 2011 |accessdate=8 July 2011}}
16. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/otto-hapsburg-eldest-son-of-austrias-last-emperor-dies-at-98 |title=Otto Hapsburg, eldest son of Austria's last emperor, dies at 98 |publisher=Thenational.ae |accessdate=6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711203504/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/otto-hapsburg-eldest-son-of-austrias-last-emperor-dies-at-98 |archivedate=11 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
17. ^Gedächtnisjahrbuch 1937, 9. Jg.: Dem Andenken an Karls von Österreich Kaiser und König. Arbeitsgemeinschaft österreichischer Vereine – Wien, W. Hamburger 1937
18. ^Heinz Arnberger, Winfried R. Garscha, Rudolf G. Ardelt, Christa Mitterrutzner, Anschluß 1938, Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes, Österreichischer Bundesverlag, 1988, {{ISBN|3-215-06824-9}}
19. ^{{cite book | url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16059565W/Inside_Europe | title=Inside Europe | publisher=Harper & Brothers | author=Gunther, John | year=1936 | pages=321–323}}
20. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/8616240/Archduke-Otto-von-Habsburg.html |title=Archduke Otto von Habsburg |work=The Daily Telegraph |date= 4 July 2011|accessdate=6 July 2011 |location=London}}
21. ^{{cite news|last=Warner |first=Gerald |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/geraldwarner/5774579/Otto_von_Habsburgs_96th_birthday_telescopes_European_history/ |title=Otto von Habsburg's 96th birthday telescopes European history |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=20 November 2008 |accessdate=6 July 2011 |location=London}}
22. ^¹{{cite news|author=Dan van der Vat | authorlink = Dan van der Vat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/otto-von-habsburg-obituary |title=Otto von Habsburg obituary |work=The Guardian |date= 4 July 2011|accessdate=6 July 2011 |location=London}}
23. ^Omeidl "Rudolf Hess, der Stellvertreter des Führers, hatte den deutschen Invasionstruppen für das neutrale Belgien den Befehl erteilt, Otto von Habsburg und seine Brüder, falls sie gefasst würden, ohne jedes weitere Verfahren sofort zu erschießen." {{cite web |url=http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-11-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005080553/http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |archivedate=5 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
24. ^{{cite news|last=Zoch |first=Irene |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1455082/Habsburgs-demand-return-of-estates-seized-by-Nazis-in-1938.html |title=Habsburgs demand return of estates seized by Nazis in 1938 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=22 February 2004 |accessdate=6 July 2011 |location=London}}
25. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.newser.com/article/d9o8qcb00/otto-von-habsburg-oldest-son-of-austria-hungarys-last-emperor-dies-at-age-98.html |title=Otto von Habsburg, oldest son of Austria-Hungary's last emperor, dies at age 98 |publisher=Newser |accessdate=6 July 2011 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
26. ^http://www.heraldscotland.com/mobile/comment/obituaries/otto-von-habsburg-1.1110433
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://sousamendesfoundation.org/habsburg/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-11-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102223958/http://sousamendesfoundation.org/habsburg/ |archivedate=2 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
28. ^Stephan Baier, Eva Demmerle: Otto von Habsburg. Die Biografie. Amalthea, Wien 2002, {{ISBN|3-85002-486-5}}, p. 122.
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v03/d382|title=Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany, Volume III - Office of the Historian|publisher=|accessdate=11 December 2016}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.die-tagespost.de/Sie-nannten-ihn-bdquo-Otto-von-Europa-ldquo-;art456,125800 |title=Sie nannten ihn 'Otto von Europa' |publisher=Die-tagespost.de |accessdate=8 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707111449/http://www.die-tagespost.de/Sie-nannten-ihn-bdquo-Otto-von-Europa-ldquo-;art456,125800 |archivedate=7 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kathweb.at/site/nachrichten/database/40510.html|title=Kathpress - Katholische Presseagentur Österreich|first=|last=Kathpress|publisher=|accessdate=11 December 2016}}
32. ^Oliver Meidl: Monarch. A Life for Europe – Republican Recognition in Black and Yellow. "Ottos Anwalt verfassten Text vom 21. Februar 1958, in dem es heißt: "Um in meine Heimat zurückkehren zu können, erkläre ich im eigenen Namen und im Namen meiner Gemahlin und meiner minderjährigen Kinder als österreichischer Staatsbürger, die derzeit in Österreich geltenden Gesetze anzuerkennen und mich als getreuer Bürger der Republik zu bekennen." July 2011 {{cite web |url=http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-11-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005080553/http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |archivedate=5 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
33. ^Gedenkdienst Archive Zur Geschichte der „Habsburger-Gesetze“ http://www.gedenkdienst.at/index.php?id=679
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/otto-von-habsburg-saw-end-empire-dead-98-144900184.html|title=Otto von Habsburg who saw end of empire dead at 98|publisher=|accessdate=11 December 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305150949/http://news.yahoo.com/otto-von-habsburg-saw-end-empire-dead-98-144900184.html|archivedate=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}
35. ^{{cite web|last1=Rising|first1=David|title=Otto von Habsburg who saw end of empire dead at 98|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-otto-von-habsburg-who-saw-end-of-empire-dead-at-98-2011jul04-story.html|publisher=The San Diego Union-Tribune|accessdate=1 October 2017|language=English|date=4 July 2011}}
36. ^Brook-Shepherd, pg. 181
37. ^Die Presse, Unabhängige Tageszeitung für Österreich. 10–11 November 2007. pg. 3 (German online version dated 9 November 2007: . [https://www.webcitation.org/5thDm1eNS?url=http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/oesterreich/342228/print.do WebCite archive]
38. ^{{cite book | last = Mommsen-Reindl | first = Margarete | title = Die Österreichische Proporzdemokratie und der Fall Habsburg | publisher = Hermann Böhlaus Nachf. | series = Böhlaus zeitgeschichtliche Bibliothek | volume = 1 | location = Vienna | date = 1976 | isbn = 3205071263}}
39. ^Salzburger Nachrichten 1 June 1963 (German) {{cite web |url=http://www.omeidl.com/files/habsbg_articlesn63.jpg |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-11-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425125408/http://www.omeidl.com/files/habsbg_articlesn63.jpg |archivedate=25 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
40. ^A Life for Europe: Republican Recognition in Black and Yellow. "Otto von Habsburg am 31. Oktober 1966 nach Österreich ein und besuchte in Innsbruck das Grab von Erzherzog Eugen." {{cite web |url=http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-11-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005080553/http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html |archivedate=5 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
41. ^E. Feigl, Otto von Habsburg, Profil eines Lebens, 1992 {{ISBN|3-85002-327-3}}
42. ^Austria-Online-Lexicon (German) http://www.austria-lexikon.at/af/Wissenssammlungen/Biographien/Habsburg,_Otto
43. ^Austria Presse Agentur with backing from ÖRF (press archive, 1955–1985) (German) http://www.historisch.apa.at/cms/apa-historisch/dossier.html?dossierID=AHD_19580221_AHD0001
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parlament.gv.at/PG/PR/JAHR_2006/PK0743/PK0743.shtml|title=PK-Nr. 743/2006|publisher=Parlament.gv.at|accessdate=5 July 2011}}
45. ^{{cite web|author=Thomas Wilhelm Schwarzer|url=http://otto.twschwarzer.de/|title=Erzherzog Dr. Otto von Habsburg|publisher=Otto.twschwarzer.de|accessdate=5 May 2010}}
46. ^{{cite book|title=Revoking the moral order: the ideology of positivism and the Vienna circle|last=Peterson|first=David|year=1999|publisher=Lexington Books|page=122}}
47. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/death-of-former-kaiser-in-exile-and-last-heir-to-austro-hungarian-throne-1.591790|title=Death of former 'kaiser in exile' and last heir to Austro-Hungarian throne|work=The Irish Times|date=5 July 2011|accessdate=16 August 2015}}
48. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAj8wnwIL9MC&pg=PA2 |title=Hunagrian spaces and places:patterns of transition|first1=Györgyi |last1=Barta|publisher=Hungarian Academy of Sciences|year=2005|isbn=963-9052-46-9|page=2}}
49. ^{{cite journal|last=Lalanne|first=Dorothée|date=6 December 2006|title=Otto de Habsbourg: Européen Avant Tout|journal=Point de Vue|issue=3046|page=46}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/zemrel-syn-posledniho-rakouskeho-cisare-otto-von-habsburg/659340 |title=Zemřel syn posledního rakouského císaře Otto von Habsburg – ČeskéNoviny.cz |publisher=Ceskenoviny.cz |date=4 July 2011 |accessdate=9 July 2011}}
51. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.z-g-v.de/english/aktuelles/?id=39 |title=Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen |publisher=Z-g-v.de |accessdate=8 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806061049/http://www.z-g-v.de/english/aktuelles/?id=39 |archivedate=6 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
52. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/07/04/general-eu-germany-obit-habsburg_8548589.html |title=Otto von Habsburg who saw end of empire dead at 98 |work=Forbes |accessdate=5 July 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
53. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eppgroup.eu/Press/showPR.asp?PRControlDocTypeID=1&PRControlID=1570&PRContentID=3050&PRContentLg=en |title=Otto von Habsburg – first honorary member of the EPP-ED Group |publisher=Eppgroup.eu |accessdate=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007215259/http://www.eppgroup.eu/Press/showPR.asp?PRControlDocTypeID=1&PRControlID=1570&PRContentID=3050&PRContentLg=en |archive-date=7 October 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
54. ^Südtirol Online, 4 July 2011 "Was eigentlich ein Skandal war, nämlich die Diskussion hier in Österreich über die Frage, ob Österreich ein Mitschuldiger war oder ob es ein Opfer war. Meine Damen und Herren, ich glaube es gibt keinen Staat in Europa, der mehr Recht hat, sich als Opfer zu bezeichnen, als es Österreich gewesen ist.“ {{cite web |url=http://www.stol.it/Artikel/Politik-im-Ueberblick/Politik/Otto-von-Habsburg-ist-tot |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-11-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808040633/http://www.stol.it/Artikel/Politik-im-Ueberblick/Politik/Otto-von-Habsburg-ist-tot |archivedate=8 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
55. ^Süddeutsche Zeitung, 12 March 2008 (German) http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/oesterreichs-anschluss-an-nazi-deutschland-habsburg-holt-opferthese-aus-der-mottenkiste-1.282308
56. ^Kurier, Wien, July 8, 2011 (German)...es gebe "keinen Staat in Europa, der mehr Recht hat, sich als Opfer zu bezeichnen, als es Österreich gewesen ist". http://kurier.at/nachrichten/3921065.php
57. ^Süddeutsche Zeitung, 9 April 2008 (German) http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/kz-kommandant-goeth-morden-bereichern-intrigieren-1.195309
58. ^Focus Online, 4 July 2011 (German) http://www.focus.de/panorama/vermischtes/otto-von-habsburg-das-bewegte-leben-des-otto-von-europa_aid_642777.html
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://oe1.orf.at/inforadio/88212.html |title=70 Jahre AnschlussHabsburg plädiert für Opferrolle Österreichs |accessdate=2008-03-14 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314153941/http://oe1.orf.at/inforadio/88212.html |archivedate=14 March 2008 |df=dmy }} Ö1 Inforadio 03/10/2008 (German) "Was eigentlich ein Skandal war, nämlich die Diskussion hier in Österreich über die Frage, ob Österreich ein Mitschuldiger war oder ob es ein Opfer war. Meine Damen und Herren, ich glaube es gibt keinen Staat in Europa, der mehr Recht hat sich als Opfer zu bezeichnen, als es Österreich gewesen ist."
60. ^ÖRF Online (German) http://sciencev1.orf.at/uhl/151021.html
61. ^N-TV, 12 March 2008 (German) http://www.n-tv.de/politik/dossier/Oesterreich-arbeitet-auf-article255663.html
62. ^Tiroler Tageszeitung, 9 July 2011(German) http://www.tt.com/csp/cms/sites/tt/Nachrichten/3029285-2/karl-habsburg-verteidigt-v%C3%A4terliche-aussage-%C3%BCber-opferrolle.csp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711143804/http://www.tt.com/csp/cms/sites/tt/Nachrichten/3029285-2/karl-habsburg-verteidigt-v%C3%A4terliche-aussage-%C3%BCber-opferrolle.csp |date=11 July 2011 }}
63. ^Austrian Times, 11 March 2008 (English) Habsburg Claims Austria Was Victim http://austriantimes.at/?c=1&id=4010-newentry {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003500/http://austriantimes.at/?c=1&id=4010-newentry |date=4 March 2016 }}
64. ^Der Standard, 9 July 2011 (German) "Mitschuldige gab es praktisch in jedem Land" http://derstandard.at/1308680832243/Karl-Habsburg-verteidigt-revisionistische-Aussagen-seines-Vaters
65. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1649322.php/Thirteen-days-of-commemoration-for-Otto-von-Habsburg-begins |title=Thirteen days of commemoration for Otto von Habsburg begins |publisher=Monsters and Critics |accessdate=6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103002040/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1649322.php/Thirteen-days-of-commemoration-for-Otto-von-Habsburg-begins |archivedate=3 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
66. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkgUY2nestw|title=Otto von Habsburg Hochzeit Nancy.mov|first=|last=Hofburg Manfred|date=7 September 2012|publisher=|accessdate=11 December 2016|via=YouTube}}
67. ^{{Cite news|title=Otto von Hapsburg, a Would-Be Monarch, Dies at 98|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/05/world/europe/05hapsburg.html?_r=0|date=4 July 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=17 Sep 2014|first=Nicholas|last=Kulish}}
68. ^{{cite web|author=Francois R. Velde |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/royalstyle.htm#austria |title=Royal Styles |publisher=Heraldica.org |accessdate=6 July 2011}}
69. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{cite book|title=Kaiser Joseph II. harmonische Wahlkapitulation mit allen den vorhergehenden Wahlkapitulationen der vorigen Kaiser und Könige}}. Since 1780 official title used for princes (zu Hungarn, Böheim, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Sflavonien, Königlicher Erbprinz)
70. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite book|title=Croatian Coronation Oath of 1916}}. P.2-4, 'Emperor of Austria, Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia Apostolic king'
71. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeno/1995/0907.htm |publisher=Narodne novine |title=Odluka kojom se odlikuju za izniman doprinos |date=7 July 1995 |accessdate=2008-07-12 |language=Croatian }} (Official decree and list of persons awarded by the President of Croatia with the Grand Order of King Zvonimir, no.6. 'Archduke Otto von Habsburg'
72. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²²³²⁴²⁵²⁶²⁷²⁸²⁹³⁰³¹ottovonhabsburg.org, page with the Orders and Decorations of Crown Prince Otto {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516040853/http://www.ottovonhabsburg.org/content.asp?ID=1158&lang=en |date=16 May 2017 }}
73. ^¹²³blogspot.com, Crown Prince Otto wearing 4 Imperial Orders
74. ^¹alamy.com, Crown Prince Otto wearing Austrian and Luxembourg stars
75. ^http://www.monarchisten.org/Erzherzog-Otto-tot.jpg
76. ^http://www.twschwarzer.de/ottogmgv.jpg
77. ^http://c7.alamy.com/comp/H1R5ND/archduke-otto-von-habsburg-r-looks-at-the-pope-as-his-wife-kisses-H1R5ND.jpg
78. ^http://www.twschwarzer.de/ottoks.jpg
79. ^¹²³dailymail.co.uk, Crown Prince Otto wearing 3 Austrian Stars and the Maltese Star
80. ^¹²³⁴absolutviajes.com, Crown Prince Otto wearing 3 Austrian Stars, Maltese Star and his marital order after he wed {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116171233/http://img.absolutviajes.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/casamiento-de-otto-de-habsburgo-lorena.jpg |date=16 January 2017 }}
81. ^https://f.ptcdn.info/518/043/000/o8pujajqma3HgcPeWNC-o.jpg
82. ^http://www.ottovonhabsburg.org/medien/img/mitTudjmann.jpg
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tastevin-bourgogne.com/en/index.php?rub=9|title=Décès d'Otto de Habsbourg|accessdate=7 July 2011|language=French}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://lorraine.france3.fr/info/otto-habsbourg-s-est-eteint-a-98-ans-69515291.html|title=Otto Habsbourg s'est éteint à 98 ans|publisher=France 3|language=French|accessdate=7 July 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707104805/http://lorraine.france3.fr/info/otto-habsbourg-s-est-eteint-a-98-ans-69515291.html|archivedate=7 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
85. ^¹²gettyimages.com, Crown Prince Otto wearing Bavarian, Luxembourg and Maltese orders
86. ^http://www.ottovonhabsburg.org/medien/img/OvHmitFJS1987.jpg
87. ^http://heraldika.org.mk/en/news/oto-fon-habsburg-odlikuvan-so-orden-za/
88. ^[https://www.orderofmalta.int/2011/07/18/the-grand-master-at-the-funeral-of-otto-von-habsburg/ The Grand Master of the Order of Malta at the funeral of Otto von Habsburg]