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词条 Anti-Filipino sentiment
释义

  1. Incidents by country

      United States    History    China    Hong Kong    Indonesia    Malaysia    Sabah    Singapore    Taiwan    United Kingdom  

  2. Derogatory terms

      Chinese    English    Malay    Spanish  

  3. See also

  4. References

{{Discrimination sidebar}}

Anti-Filipino sentiment refers to the general dislike or hate towards the Philippines, Filipinos or Filipino culture.

Incidents by country

United States

History

It was the American colonization of the Philippines that instigated the immigration of many Filipinos into America, either as pensionados, who came to further pursue their studies, or as laborers, who worked for Hawaii plantations, California farms, and the Alaska fishing industry. The 1924 Immigration Act stipulated that Filipinos were neither U.S. citizens nor foreigners but rather were colonized people. Technically they were American nationals.[1]

Ethnic discrimination towards Filipinos in America was evident during the American colonial period in the Philippines. Filipinos were often labelled as half-civilized or half-savage, worthless, uneducated and unscrupulous.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} Filipinos were perceived to be taking the jobs of white Americans. They were accused of attracting white women which led to the passing of an anti-miscegenation law.[2] Crime and violence were likely to be associated with Filipinos and they were shunned for their substandard living conditions where, in one instance, there were as many as twenty people sleeping in one room.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} These were merely racial prejudices. Filipino immigrants in America were affected by various socio-economic factors. The majority of Filipino immigrants of that era were men. The gender ratio of Filipino males to females in California then was approximately 14 to 1. Filipino workers were forced to live in poor conditions since they were poorly paid.

[3]

Filipinos were discriminated against primarily for economic reasons. White Americans disliked Filipinos for their willingness to work for low wages; consequently they perceived a loss of job opportunities in favor of Filipinos. Anti-Filipino sentiment was further fueled by the preference of hiring Filipinos because their build was thought to be ideal for "stoop labor", or bent-down kind of work.[3] The first documented incident occurred on New Year's Eve 1926, in Stockton, when Filipinos were stabbed and beaten.[2][4] These anti-Filipino attacks increased with the Great Depression.[5] Thus the Stockton 1926 attack was not the last: in November 1927 Filipinos were attacked in Yakima Valley, Washington;[6] in September 1928, Filipinos were attacked in Wenatchee Valley, Washington;[7] in October 1929, Filipinos were attacked in Exeter, California;[4] and in January 1930, Filipinos were attacked in Watsonville, California during the Watsonville Riots leading to the death of Fermin Tobera.[4][8] In Stockton's Little Manila, the Filipino Federation of America building was bombed.[9]

World War II was a significant turning point for American views towards Filipinos. During the early period of the war, Filipinos were prohibited to join the army.[10] However, in 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt allowed Filipinos to serve in the armed forces. Many Filipinos fought with Americans in Asia and Europe while some opted to be civilians involved in mobilization efforts during the war. Filipinos earned acceptance and admiration by the end of the war. The United States recognized and affirmed the Filipinos' right to citizenship with the amended Nationality Act of 1940. Through the amendment, non-citizens who joined the military were given opportunity to attain citizenship. About ten thousand Filipinos became American citizens through the amendment.[11]

China

Hong Kong

{{see also|2010 Manila hostage crisis}}

Between 1970–80s, Hong Kong saw the rise of Filipino population. Many of these Filipinos are working as domestic helpers.[12] The increase number of Filipino population there has created clash between Hong Kong residents and Filipino workers. The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong launched an advocacy that Filipinos were causing a significant rise of local unemployment in Hong Kong and costing billions in welfare treatment.[13]

Anti-Filipino sentiment in Hong Kong rose after the 2010 hostage crisis, in which a bus full of mostly Hong Kong tourists was fatally besieged by a disgruntled Filipino police officer,[12] and where subsequent investigations found Filipino officials' handling of the hostage crisis to be directly responsible for the hostages' deaths.[13][14][15] Tensions eased after Cabinet Secretary Rene Almendras and Joseph Estrada secretly went to Hong Kong to talk to officials and the victim's families.[16]

Indonesia

In 2016, anti-Filipino sentiment exists within the Confederation of Indonesian Worker's Unions (KPSI) organization after the recent kidnappings of Indonesian citizens by Sulu-based terrorist group, Abu Sayyaf. A protest was held by a group of Indonesian protesters of KPSI when they gathered in front of the Philippine Embassy in Indonesia, holding banners that read "Go to hell Philippines and Abu Sayyaf" and "Destroy the Philippines and Abu Sayyaf" to demanding more action from the Philippine government to fighting terrorism in their country which has since affected neighbouring countries.[17][18]

Malaysia

Sabah

{{see also|Cross border attacks in Sabah}}

The anti-Filipino sentiment is most notable in the state of Sabah in Malaysia due to a large presence of Filipino Moro illegal immigrants causing simmering resentment in the state.[19] The Sabahan locals refer to the illegal immigrants from the southern Philippines as "Pilak" which means (Filipino illegal immigrants) pejoratively.[20] The cause of this anti sentiment is due to the Muslims Filipino illegals immigrants who arrived in the 1970s from the Southern Philippines insurgency[21] bringing along their social problems, culture of crime, and poverty conditions as well as taking away jobs, business opportunities and allegedly stealing Sabahan native land (NCR) in the state.[19] This hatred was further strengthened when many of these illegal immigrants were involved in crime mostly robbery, murder and rape. Locals became the main victims which has affected the security of the state as evidenced by the recent 1985 ambush, 2000 kidnappings and 2013 standoff.[22][23][24][25][26] Large amounts had been spent for these Filipino illegal immigrants life maintenance and the amount remains unpaid until today despite attempts to recover the monies. Sabah Health Department said that infectious disease among the illegal immigrants was on the rise resulting to more expenditures, as well as provisions for more funds to accommodate the logistics such as medical officers and others.[27]

Singapore

The estimated number of Filipinos working in Singapore tripled in the past decade to about 167,000 as of 2013, according to Philippines census data. Amid increasing general resentment towards foreigners, a backlash towards Filipinos has taken place in Singapore. In 2014, a plan to hold a Philippine Independence Day celebration on Singapore's main shopping street Orchard Road was cancelled following online complaints by some Singaporeans who said the space was special to locals. One blogger called the move "insensitive", saying: "Celebrating your Independence Day openly in the public (especially [at a] iconic/tourist location like Orchard Road) is provocative".[28][29]

Anti-Filipino sentiment has continued to swirl online, culminating in a blog titled "Blood Stained Singapore" suggesting ways to abuse Filipinos, calling them "an infestation". The suggestions, which included pushing Filipinos out of trains and threats to spray insecticide on them eventually caused the blog to be taken down by Google for infringing content rules.[30][31]

Taiwan

{{see also|2013 Guang Da Xing No. 28 incident}}

Anti-Filipino sentiment in Taiwan was noticeable in 2013 as a result of the Philippine Coast Guard killing a Taiwanese fisherman.[32] Subsequently, there was widespread discrimination towards Filipino workers with Taiwanese businesses taking off any Filipino related products from their shelves and some shops refusing to welcome Filipino customers.[32][33] Sanctions placed by the Taiwanese government were removed after an official apology from the Philippine side was made.[34]

United Kingdom

{{see also|2011 Stepping Hill Hospital poisoning incident}}

Following a poisoning incident in a United Kingdom hospital in 2011, hundreds of Filipino nurses complained of a rise in racist attacks and discrimination towards them. This was especially true after a report by British tabloid, the Daily Mail with a headline of “NHS still hiring Filipino nurses” was published shortly after a Filipino nurse, Victorino Chua was found guilty of murdering two patients and poisoning 19 more.[35][36][37]

Derogatory terms

There are a variety of derogatory terms referring to the Philippines and Filipinos. Many of these terms are viewed as racist. However, these terms do not necessarily refer to Filipinos as a whole; they can also refer to specific policies, or specific time periods in history.

Chinese

  • Huanna (Chinese: 番仔; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoan-á) – a term in Hokkien literally meaning "foreigner or non-Chinese". Used by most Chinese to refer generally to non-Chinese Southeast Asians and Taiwanese Aborigines. In the Philippines, this term is used by Chinese Filipinos to refer to those of Filipino descent.[38]{{Better source|reason=Appears to fall under USERGEN, needs a reliable source|date=May 2018}} Although it is generally not considered racist, it is considered to hold the same connotations as the word gaijin in Japanese.{{fact|date=May 2018}}

English

  • Gugus (also spelt Goo-goos) – a racial term used to refer to Filipino guerillas during the Philippine–American War. The term came from gugo, the Tagalog name for Entada phaseoloides or the St. Thomas bean, the bark of which was used by Filipinas to shampoo their hair. The term was a predecessor to the term gook, a racial term used to refer to all Asians.[39]
  • Flip – used to refer to American-born Filipinos. The term has vague origins with many hypotheses regarding its origin. It is suggested that the term originates from the World War II era. The term was allegedly an acronym for "fucking little island people" causing some Filipinos to avoid referring to themselves by this term. However, the term is also being reclaimed by some by changing the alleged originally meaning of the word to "fine looking island people". Some are convinced that the term is just a short version of the term "Filipino".[40]

Malay

  • Pilak – a term in Sabah Malay used pejoratively by the Sabahans to refer to illegal immigrants from the Philippines.[20]

Spanish

  • Indio – literally, "Indian". The term was used to refer to native Filipinos during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, and developed negative connotations due to the mistreatment of people with the label. "Filipino" was meanwhile originally reserved to Spanish persons living in the archipelago.[41]

See also

  • The White Man's Burden
  • Si Tandang Bacio Macunat

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/filmig.html |title=Filipino Migration to the U.S.: Introduction |publisher=Office of Multicultural Student Services, University of Hawai'i |access-date=25 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205552/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/filmig.html |archivedate=19 July 2011 }}
2. ^1 {{cite book|author=Erika Lee|title=The Making of Asian America: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sfQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|date=16 August 2016|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4767-3941-0|pages=184–186}}
3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/discrimination.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010808195123/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/discrimination.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=8 August 2001 |title=Racial Discrimination |publisher=Office of Multicultural Student Services, University of Hawai'i |access-date=25 June 2012 }}
4. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Dawn Bohulano Mabalon|title=Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ES2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|date=29 May 2013|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-9574-4|page=93}}
{{cite book|author=Bill Ong Hing|title=Defining America: Through Immigration Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFdJk_GM-FoC&pg=PA49|year=2004|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-59213-233-1|page=49}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Kevin Starr|title=Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GvgN0y7yI4C&pg=PA64|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511802-5|page=64}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=Rick Baldoz|title=The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898-1946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtn31sdI4j8C&pg=PA136|date=28 February 2011|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-0921-4|page=136}}
{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Steve |date=4 August 2017 |title=The Yakima Terror |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2017/08/ninety_years_ago_in_washington_a_wave_of_anti_immigrant_sentiment_resulted.html |work=Slate |access-date=24 April 2018 }}
{{cite news |last=Meyers |first=Donald W. |date=18 September 2017 |title=It Happened Here: Mobs attack Filipinos in Lower Valley |url=https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/local/it-happened-here-mobs-attack-filipinos-in-lower-valley/article_43b171f2-9c2b-11e7-a071-57c15018e1de.html |work=Yakima Herald |access-date=24 April 2018 }}
{{cite web |url=http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Classroom%20Materials/Curriculum%20Packets/Asian%20Americans/Section%20IV.html |title=IV. Timeline: Asian Americans in Washington State History |author= |date= |website=Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest |publisher=University of Washington |access-date=24 April 2018 |quote=}}
7. ^{{cite book|author1=Huping Ling|author2=Allan W. Austin|title=Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvBnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT934|date=17 March 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-47644-3|page=934}}
{{cite book|author=Jonathan H. X. Lee|title=History of Asian Americans: Exploring Diverse Roots: Exploring Diverse Roots|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxoUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|date=16 January 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38459-2|page=103}}
{{cite report |author=A. F. Hinriehs |author-link= |authors= |date=1945 |title=Labor Unionism in American Agriculture |url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/4306?start_page=221 |publisher=United States Department of Labor |via=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |page=211 |docket= |access-date=24 April 2018 }}
8. ^{{cite book|author=Rachel Lee|title=The Routledge Companion to Asian American and Pacific Islander Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA478|date=5 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-69841-8|page=478}}
9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Perez |first1=Frank Ramos |last2=Perez |first2=Leatrice Bantillo |year=1994 |title=The Long Struggle for Acceptance: Filipinos in San Joaquin County |journal=The San Joaquin Historian |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=3–18 |publisher=The San Joaquin County Historical Society |doi= |url=http://www.sanjoaquinhistory.org/documents/HistorianNS8-4.pdf |accessdate=2 January 2015}}
{{cite book|author1=Dawn B. Mabalon, Ph.D.|author2=Rico Reyes|author3=Filipino American National Historical So|title=Filipinos in Stockton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckpjRPYfEk8C&pg=PA25|year=2008|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-5624-6|page=25}}
10. ^{{cite book |title=Filipinos in America |last=Frank |first=Sarah |year=2005 |publisher=Lerner Publications |isbn=978-0-8225-4873-7 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Yr-p5T54qEC&lpg=PA37&ots=Tuyv5ydKXH&dq=%22First%20Filipino%20Regiment%22&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=%22First%20Filipino%20Regiment%22&f=false |accessdate=12 November 2009}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/wwii.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011212034509/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/wwii.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=12 December 2001 |title=Impact of World War II on Filipino Migrant Workers |publisher=Office of Multicultural Student Services, University of Hawai'i |access-date=25 June 2012 }}
12. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/posts/hong-kong-creates-opportunity-for-filipino-migrant-workers |title=Hong Kong Creates Opportunity for Filipino Migrant Workers |author=Joohee Kim |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs |date=21 October 2011 |accessdate=25 June 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015004619/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/posts/hong-kong-creates-opportunity-for-filipino-migrant-workers |archivedate=15 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
13. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3357&Itemid=405|title=Hong Kong and Anti-Filipino Sentiment|publisher=Asia Sentinel|accessdate=25 June 2012}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100827-289121/Filipinos-facing-harm-in-HK-may-run-to-govt-commission|title=Filipinos facing harm in HK may run to gov’t commission|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=25 June 2012}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20100826-288803/RP-assured-of-safety-of-Filipinos-in-Hong-Kong|title=RP assured of safety of Filipinos in Hong Kong|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=26 August 2010|accessdate=25 June 2012}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/focus/04/24/14/how-philippines-hong-kong-agreed-closure|title=How Philippines, Hong Kong agreed on closure|publisher=ABS-CBN News|date=24 April 2014|accessdate=1 February 2015}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/protest-philippine-embassy-jakarta-hostage-crisis-worsens/|title=Protest at Philippine Embassy in Jakarta as Hostage Crisis Worsens|publisher=Jakarta Globe|accessdate=15 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730112832/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/protest-philippine-embassy-jakarta-hostage-crisis-worsens/|archivedate=30 July 2016|deadurl=yes}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/bahasa/englishedition/139709-abu-sayyaf-duterte-sailors-rally|title='Go to hell Philippines': Indonesian workers ask Duterte to act on Abu Sayyaf kidnappings|author=Natashya Gutierrez|publisher=Rappler|date=14 July 2016|accessdate=15 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726104854/http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/bahasa/englishedition/139709-abu-sayyaf-duterte-sailors-rally|archivedate=26 July 2016|deadurl=yes}}
19. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/illegal-immigrants-causing-simmering-resentment-in-sabah/|title=Illegal immigrants causing simmering resentment in Sabah|publisher=The Malaysian Times|date=22 August 2012|accessdate=21 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629170508/http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/illegal-immigrants-causing-simmering-resentment-in-sabah/|archivedate=29 June 2014|deadurl=yes}}
20. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://kamussabah.kinabalustudios.com/search.php?keywords=pilak&search=Cari|title=Kamus Sabah (Sabah Dictionary)|publisher=Sabah Dictionary|accessdate=31 July 2014|language=ms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010022758/http://kamussabah.kinabalustudios.com/search.php?keywords=pilak&search=Cari|archivedate=10 October 2014|deadurl=yes}}
21. ^{{cite book|author=Riwanto Tirtosudarmo|title=Mencari Indonesia: demografi-politik pasca-Soeharto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLVTKSefAtIC&pg=PA123|year=2007|language=Indonesian|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|isbn=978-979-799-083-1|pages=123–}}
22. ^{{cite book|author=Patrick Pillai|title=People on the Move: Ban Overview of Recent Immigration and Emigration in Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA6PAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia|isbn=978-967-947-158-8}}
23. ^{{cite book|title=Asiaweek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxINAQAAMAAJ|date=April 1994|publisher=Asiaweek Limited}}
24. ^{{cite book|author1=Azizah Kassim|author2=Universiti Malaysia Sabah|title=Proceedings of seminar on state responses to the presence and employment of foreign workers in Sabah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yR-2AAAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Universiti Malaysia Sabah|isbn=978-983-2369-35-6}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/23164-pinoys-in-sabah-fear-retaliation|title=Pinoys in Sabah fear retaliation|author=Charlie Saceda|publisher=Rappler|date=6 March 2013|accessdate=7 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024030440/http://www.rappler.com/nation/23164-pinoys-in-sabah-fear-retaliation|archivedate=24 October 2015|deadurl=yes}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theantdaily.com/Top-Stories/-Localised-illegal-immigrants-helping-foreign-relatives-in-Sabah/ |title=‘Localised’ illegal immigrants helping ‘foreign’ relatives in Sabah |author=Kanul Gindol |publisher=The Ant Daily |date=31 May 2014 |accessdate=31 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603065519/http://www.theantdaily.com/Top-Stories/-Localised-illegal-immigrants-helping-foreign-relatives-in-Sabah/ |archivedate=3 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/node/58884 |title=RCI: Large amount spent on food, education, healthcare of illegal immigrants |publisher=New Straits Times |date=3 December 2014 |accessdate=3 December 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119214600/http://www.nst.com.my/node/58884 |archivedate=19 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indonesiarealtime/2014/04/22/filipino-group-awakens-anti-foreign-anger-in-singapore/|title=Filipino Group Awakens Anti-Foreign Anger in Singapore|author=Jake Maxwell Watts|publisher=The World Street Journal|date=22 April 2014|accessdate=15 October 2016}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://scmp.com/news/asia/article/1497218/celebration-filipinos-sparks-wave-anti-immigrant-abuse-singapore|title=Celebration by Filipinos sparks wave of anti-immigrant abuse in Singapore|work=Agence France-Presse|publisher=South China Morning Post|date=25 April 2014|accessdate=15 October 2016}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28953147|title=Unease in Singapore over Filipino workers|author=Tessa Wong|publisher=BBC News|date=29 December 2014|accessdate=21 March 2015}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/filipinos-singapore-drop-iday-celebration-plans-abuse-073504439.html |title=Filipinos in Singapore drop IDay celebration plans after abuse |work=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=26 May 2014 |accessdate=21 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014235930/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/filipinos-singapore-drop-iday-celebration-plans-abuse-073504439.html |archivedate=14 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
32. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://eng.taichung.gov.tw/ct.aspx?xItem=12526&ctNode=2282&mp=26 |title=Taichung City Government Labor Affairs Bureau Takes the Initiative in Caring for Filipino Workers, Calling on Residents of Taichung to Be Rational in Their Treatment of the City's Filipino Labor Force |publisher=Research, Development and Evaluation Commission of Taichung City Government |date=29 May 2013 |accessdate=15 October 2016 |quote=In recent days there has been a surge in anti-Filipino sentiment among Taiwanese citizens. This is following the Filipino government's handling of an event which saw a government vessel from that country fire upon, and kill, fishermen aboard the Guang Da Xing No. 28 fishing boat (廣大興28號) – leading to a succession of attacks on Filipino workers in counties and governments around Taiwan. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014232506/http://eng.taichung.gov.tw/ct.aspx?xItem=12526&ctNode=2282&mp=26 |archivedate=14 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20130517/104557.shtml |title=Anti-Philippines sentiment spreads in Taiwan |publisher=CCTV News |date=17 May 2013 |accessdate=1 February 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014233410/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20130517/104557.shtml |archivedate=14 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23620068|title=Taiwan lifts Philippines sanctions after shooting apology|publisher=BBC News|date=9 August 2013|accessdate=1 February 2015}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3088549/NHS-hiring-Filipino-nurses-despite-Victorino-Chua-scandal-Recruiters-fly-desperate-bid-hospital-vacancies.html|title=NHS STILL hiring Filipino nurses despite Victorino Chua scandal: Recruiters fly out in desperate bid to fill hospital vacancies|author=Stephen Wright|publisher=Daily Mail|date=19 May 2015|accessdate=16 October 2016}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/may/20/daily-mail-criticism-victorino-chua-stereotyping-filipino-nurses-case|title=Daily Mail criticised for 'stereotyping' Filipino nurses after Chua murder case|author=Jessica Elgot|publisher=The Guardian|date=20 May 2015|accessdate=16 October 2016}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/40621/Exclusive+-+Filipino+NHS+nurses+tell+of+shocking+rise+in+racist+attacks|title=Exclusive - Filipino NHS nurses tell of shocking rise in racist attacks|author=Tomáš Tengely-Evans|publisher=Socialist Worker|date=26 May 2015|accessdate=16 October 2016}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/topic/9779-chinese-in-the-philippines/page-11|title=Chinese in the Philippines|work=China History Forum, Chinese History Forum|accessdate=1 February 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2018}}
39. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.lakotacountrytimes.com/common/pastarchives/1127.html|title=Derogatory terms used in history|author=Francis Whitebird|publisher=Lakota Country Times|accessdate=1 February 2015}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://postcolonialstudies.emory.edu/filipino-american-literature/|title=Filipino American|publisher=Emory University Postcolonial Studies|accessdate=1 February 2015|quote=Since 1996, Deepika Bahri has created and maintained content for Postcolonial Studies @ Emory with her students. In 2011, she won a Mellon grant from Emory's Digital Scholarship Commons (DiSC) to redesign the site in collaboration with the DiSC staff.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830072638/http://postcolonialstudies.emory.edu/filipino-american-literature/|archivedate=30 August 2014|deadurl=yes}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://cpcabrisbane.org/Kasama/2003/V17n3/ColonialName.htm|title=Colonial Name, Colonial Mentality and Ethnocentrism (Part One)|publisher=CPCA Brisbane|accessdate=1 February 2015}}
{{Anti-cultural sentiment}}

4 : Anti-national sentiment|Racism|Anti-Asian sentiment|Anti-Filipino sentiment
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