| 词条 | Anti-Imperialist Front |
| 释义 |
|name = Anti-Imperialist Front |native_name = الجبهة المعادية للإستعمار |lang1 = |name_lang1 = |lang2 = |name_lang2 = |lang3 = |name_lang3 = |lang4 = |name_lang4 = |logo = |colorcode = |leader = |chairman = |chairperson = |president = Hassan at-Taheer Zarouq |secretary_general = Abdel Rahman Abdel Rahim |spokesperson = |founder = 1952 |leader1_title = |leader1_name = |leader2_title = |leader2_name = |leader3_title = |leader3_name = |leader4_title = |leader4_name = |leader5_title = |leader5_name = |slogan = |founded = |dissolved = |merger = |split = |predecessor = |merged = |successor = |headquarters = |newspaper = Al-Midan |paramilitary_wing = |student_wing = |youth_wing = |wing1_title = |wing1 = |wing2_title = |wing2 = |wing3_title = |wing3 = |membership_year = |membership = |ideology = |position = |religion = |national = |international = |european = |europarl = |affiliation1_title = |affiliation1 = |colors = |blank1_title = |blank1 = |blank2_title = |blank2 = |blank3_title = |blank3 = |seats1_title = House of Representatives (1953) |seats1 = {{Composition bar|1|97|hex=#ff0000}} |seats2_title = |seats2 = |seats3_title = |seats3 = |seats4_title = |seats4 = |symbol = |flag = |website = |state = |country = Sudan |country_dab1 = |parties_dab1 = |elections_dab1 = |country2 = |country_dab2 = |parties_dab2 = |elections_dab2 = |footnotes = }} The Anti-Imperialist Front ({{lang-ar|الجبهة المعادية للإستعمار}}) was a political movement in Sudan, founded in 1952.[1] The Anti-Imperialist Front was organized by the clandestine Sudanese Movement for National Liberation (i.e. the Communist Party).[2] The communists decided not to try to register their own party ahead of the 1953 legislative election, preferring to launch the Anti-Imperialist Front as their legal umbrella organization.[1][2] LeadershipHassan at-Taheer Zarouq was the president of the Anti-Imperialist Front, Abdel Rahman Abdel Rahim was its secretary-general. Both were teachers by profession.[5] Dr. Izzudin Ali Amir was another prominent leader of the Anti-Imperialist Front.[3]ProfileThe membership of the Anti-Imperialist Front included both communist cadres and unaffiliated sympathizers.[1] The organization, whilst generally identified with the communists, rejected the claim that it was a communist movement.[4] The Anti-Imperialist Front advocated for independence for Sudan, opposed a union with Egypt and called for guarantees for democratic rights such as freedom of expression and organization.[9][10][11] By raising democratic demands through the Anti-Imperialist Front the Sudanese communists were able to win sympathies amongst non-communist professionals, particularly journalists.[10] The organization also ran evening schools for adults.[4] Press organThe Anti-Imperialist Front published the twice-weekly newspaper al-Midan ('The Forum').[5] Hassan at-Taheer Zarouq served as the editor of the newspaper.[6] 1953 electionThe Anti-Imperialist Front won one seat in the 1953 election (held by Hassan at-Taheer Zarouq).[7][8][9] Hassan at-Taheer Zarouq was a schoolteacher, who had been dismissed due to his political activism. He was elected from the Graduates' Constituency.[10] As a Member of Parliament, Hassan at-Taheer Zarouq was a vocal critic of Ismail al-Azhari's National Unionist Party cabinet.[11] Struggle against the al-Azhari governmentIn early 1955 the Anti-Imperialist Front joined the Independence Front (a coalition of opponents to az-Zahari, including the Umma Party). Through the participation of the Anti-Imperialist Front, the Independence Front gained more influence in urban areas as workers' and students' movements became active in the Independence Front.[12][13] The Anti-Imperialist Front broke away from the Independence Front in September 1955.[12] In November 1955 the Independence Front tried to oust al-Azhari through a vote in the House of Representatives. The Anti-Imperialist Front refused to support this action, and Hassan at-Taheer Zarouq abstained from voting. The Anti-Imperialist Front explained its position that it struggled for principles, rather against any particular individuals. Instead, the Anti-Imperialist Front called for a national unity government. This move alienated the Anti-Imperialist Front from both the government and the other opposition forces.[12] When the al-Azhari cabinet was followed by the government of Abdallah Khalil, the Anti-Imperialist Front retained its oppositional stance.[11] Again, the Anti-Imperialist Front sought to build a broad, national front. However, such a front did not materialize as the People's Democratic Party (whom the communists had identified as a potential key partner) aligned with the Umma Party instead.[12] Suez CrisisDuring the 1956 Suez Crisis, the Anti-Imperialist Front sent volunteers to help the Egyptian side (including its general secretary). As Gamal Abdul Nasser emerged as an anti-imperialist leader, the Anti-Imperialist Front reversed its previous opposition to Egyptian-Sudanese unity.[14] In February 1957 the Anti-Imperialist Front and the Sudanese Workers' Trade Union Federation began campaigning against the introduction of a U.S. aid programme.[28] The Anti-Imperialist Front struggled against the electoral law passed by the Umma-PDP coalition in June 1957, claiming that the law had been tailor-made to guarantee an Umma Party victory in the coming elections. The Anti-Imperialist Front again called on the PDP to break its alliance with the Umma Party, and join a coalition with the National Unionist Party.[15] 1958 electionAhead of the February 1958 elections, the Anti-Imperialist Front joined hands with the Federal Party (based in southern Sudan). The Anti-Imperialist Front raised demands for a federal Sudanese state, which would recognize both Islam and Christianity as official religions and where both Arabic and English would be official languages.[16] The Anti-Imperialist Front, contesting the 1958 election, failed to win any seats.[17] 1958 coupFollowing the 1958 coup d'état, the Anti-Imperialist Front was dissolved.[3] Many of its leaders were arrested, including Dr. Izzudin Ali Amir. He was, however, released in September 1959.[3][18] References1. ^1 2 Sidahmed, Abdel Salam. [https://books.google.com/books?id=b_Jfd0ugwtMC&pg=PA44 Politics and Islam in Contemporary Sudan]. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. p. 44 {{Authority control}}2. ^1 Niblock, Tim. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z07_UZIl79UC&pg=PA201 Class and Power in Sudan: The Dynamics of Sudanese Politics, 1898-1985]. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987. p. 201 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|first=Yitzhak|last=Oron|title=Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LooyExir7EC&pg=PA414|publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center|year=1960}} 4. ^1 2 Fabunmi, L. A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UHMFAQAAIAAJ The Sudan in Anglo-Egyptian relations: a case study in power politics, 1800-1956]. Longmans, 1960. p. 334 5. ^Kirkpatrick, Evron M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fzUiAAAAMAAJ Year of Crisis: Communist Propaganda Activities in 1956]. New York: Macmillan, 1957. p. 215 6. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=ES1XAAAAMAAJ The Middle East, Vol. 7]. Europa Publications., 1959. p. 285 7. ^مركز الدراسات الاشتراكية .مجموعة وثائق الحزب الشيوعي السوداني (1961-) 1969 - 1999 8. ^National Electoral Commission. تاريخ الانتخابات في السودان {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216230636/http://nec.org.sd/new/new/history.htm |date=December 16, 2011 }} 9. ^Salih, Mohamed Abdel Rahim Mohamed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=z8kkAQAAIAAJ African Democracies and African Politics]. London [u.a.]: Pluto Press, 2001. p. 85 10. ^Niblock, Tim. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z07_UZIl79UC&pg=PA69 Class and Power in Sudan: The Dynamics of Sudanese Politics, 1898-1985]. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987. p. 69 11. ^1 2 3 Warburg, Gabriel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=T7aht1_gXSgC&pg=PA99 Islam, nationalism and communism in a traditional society: the case of Sudan]. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1978. p. 99 12. ^1 2 3 4 Warburg, Gabriel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=T7aht1_gXSgC&pg=PA100 Islam, nationalism and communism in a traditional society: the case of Sudan]. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1978. pp. 100-101 13. ^1 Sidahmed, Abdel Salam. [https://books.google.com/books?id=b_Jfd0ugwtMC&pg=PA44 Politics and Islam in Contemporary Sudan]. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. p. 56 14. ^Warburg, Gabriel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=T7aht1_gXSgC&pg=PA141 Islam, nationalism and communism in a traditional society: the case of Sudan]. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1978. pp. 141-143 15. ^Warburg, Gabriel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=T7aht1_gXSgC&pg=PA102 Islam, nationalism and communism in a traditional society: the case of Sudan]. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1978. p. 102 16. ^1 Warburg, Gabriel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=T7aht1_gXSgC&pg=PA105 Islam, nationalism and communism in a traditional society: the case of Sudan]. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1978. p. 105 17. ^Warburg, Gabriel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=T7aht1_gXSgC&pg=PA103 Islam, nationalism and communism in a traditional society: the case of Sudan]. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1978. p. 103 18. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=8lEQAAAAIAAJ Newsweek, Vol. 52]. 1958. p. 65 7 : Communist parties in Sudan|Defunct political parties in Sudan|Political parties established in 1952|Political parties disestablished in 1958|1952 establishments in Sudan|1958 disestablishments in Sudan|Popular fronts |
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