“Anti-lynching movement”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The anti-lynching movement was an organized public effort in the United States that aimed to eradicate the practice of lynching. Lynching was used as a tool to repress African Americans.^[1] The anti-lynching movement reached its height between the 1890s and 1930s. The movement was composed mainly of African Americans who tried to persuade politicians to put an end to the practice, but after the failure of this strategy, they pushed for anti-lynching legislation. African-American women helped in the formation of the movement^[2] and a large part of the movement was composed of women's organizations.^[3]

The first anti-lynching movement was characterized by black convention meets, which were organized in the immediate aftermath of individual incidents. The movement gained wider national support in the 1890s. During this period, two organizations spearheaded the movement - the Afro-American League (AAL) and the National Equal Rights Council (NERC).^[3]

On January 4, 1935, Democratic Senators Edward P. Costigan and Robert F. Wagner together worked and set out a new bill that stated “To assure to persons within the jurisdiction of every state the equal protection of the crime of lynching.” The bill was composed with many sections that protected people from all types of lynching crimes.^[4]

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

In 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was established. The NAACP formed a special committee in 1916 in order to push for anti-lynching legislation and to enlighten the public about lynching.^[3] This organizations purpose was to fulfill a goal, a goal to ensure that African Americans got the economic, political, social, and educational rights to eliminate discrimination. The NAACP used a combination of tactics such as illegal challenges, demonstrations, and economic boycotts.

The NAACP youth were part of many rallies. They attended many protest against lynching and wore black in memory of all who had been murdered. They also sold anti-lynching buttons to raise money for the NAACP. The money they raised was to keep the fight against lynching going. They sold a huge amount of buttons that said "Stop Lynching" and made about $869.25. The youth also contributed by having demonstrations to raise awareness about the horrors of lynching. They had these demonstrations in seventy eight different cities all over the United States.^[5]

According to Noralee Frankel, the anti-lynching movement had its origin in the freedom movements after the end of the American Civil War, and that it cannot be described only as a result of the reforms during the Progressive Era.^[6]

Women's Contributions

Many women contributed to the anti-lynching movement through the Dyer Bill including Ida B. Wells, Mary Burnett Talbert and Angelina Grimké. The bill was a foundation that exposed both lynching, and the affects it had on the people.

Ida B. Wells

Ida B. Wells was a significant figure in the anti-lynching movement. After the lynchings of her three friends, she condemned the lynchings in the newspapers Free Speech and Headlight, both owned by her. Wells wrote to reveal the abuse, and race violence African Americans had to go through. She was part of many civil rights organizations such as the NAACP, the Niagara Movement and the Afro-American Council.^[7] Wells encourage black women to help work for the Anti-lynching laws to be passed. She was also part of the “First Suffrage Club for Black Women."^[8] Ida B. Wells asked “Is Rape the ‘Cause’ of Lynching?” in their circular titled “The Shame of America,” that emphasized the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, when they were in the Anti-Lynching Campaigns. Due to the number of 83 women being lynched in a time frame of 30 years plus 3,353 men that were also lynched.^[11] Because of her anti-lynching campaigning she received death threats from racist rioters.^[3] After having her children she got out of the organizations but she kept on protesting against lynching. In 1899 she protested the Sam Hose's lynching in Georgia.

Mary Burnett Talbert

Mary B. Talbert was a civil rights and anti-lynching activist, preservationist, international human rights proponent, and educator who was born and raised in Oberlin, Ohio. She was the president of the National Association of Colored Women from 1916 to 1920. In 1923 she became vise president of the NAACP and her last contribution was leading the Anti- lynching Crusaders during the anti lynching movement .^[9] In 1922 Talbert and all the Negro women part of the anti-lynching crusaders raise $10,000 for the NAACP.^[10]

Angelina Grimké

Juanita Jackson Mitchell

Juanita Jackson was part of the NAACP. She was their national youth director. Mitchell worked mostly with the youth, and did absolutely everything she could to try and get them involved in the NAACP and protesting against lynching. She got the youth to campaign for anti-lynching legislation.She also got to send anti-lynching messages through a radio broadcast. In 1937 Juanita Jackson convinced the National Broadcasting Company to broadcast fifteen minutes on the need for anti-lynching laws.^[13]

Anti-Lynching Crusaders

The Anti-Lynching Crusaders were a group of strong, black, powerful women dedicated to stopping the lynching of African American men and women. Before the Anti-Lynching Crusaders was founded all these group of Crusaders were involved with churches that helped them learn how to lead with gender problems and power.^[11] The organization was under the guidance of the NAACP and was founded in 1922. The Crusaders women organization started with sixteen members that widened to nine hundred members within three months since the organization was founded.^[11] This organization focused specifically on fundraising money to pass the Dyer Bill and stopping the killings of innocent people.

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Cedric J. Robinson|title=Black Movements in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUNduIJq10kC&pg=PA105|accessdate=12 April 2012|date=20 February 1997|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-91222-8|page=105}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=Lynne E. Ford|title=Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVtFJ5tvINsC&pg=PA37|accessdate=12 April 2012|year=2008|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1032-5|page=37}}
3. ^¹²³{{cite book|author=Paul Finkelman|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&pg=PA80|accessdate=12 April 2012|date=November 2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516779-5|pages=78–82}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Walter|first=David O.|date=June–July 1935|title="Previous Attempts to Pass a Federal Anti-Lynching Law."|url=http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.library.4cd.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=57&sid=00f2f6ba-b7ec-4aaf-8489-3393686a6a93%40sessionmgr102&hid=103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=12142810&db=aph|journal=Congressional Digest|volume= 14| issue = 6/7|pages=169–171|via=EBSCOhost}}
5. ^{{Cite book|title=NAACP Youth and the Fight for Black Freedom, 1936–1965|last=Bynum|first=Thomas|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|year=2013|isbn=1-57233-982-9|location=|pages=8}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=Noralee Frankel|title=Gender, Class, Race, and Reform in the Progressive Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btZ7N4qAJhYC&pg=PA148|accessdate=12 April 2012|date=22 December 1994|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-0841-4|page=148}}
7. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&pg=PA80|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-First Century|date=November 2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516779-5|pages=78–82|author=Paul Finkelman|accessdate=12 April 2012}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/educate/barnett.html|title=Woman Journalist Crusades Against Lynching|last=|first=|date=December 10, 1998|website=Library of Congress|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 24, 2017}}
9. ^{{Cite book|title=Strangers in the Land of Paradise: Creation of an African American Community, Buffalo New York|last=Williams|first=Lillian|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0253335524|location=Blooming IN|pages=241}}
10. ^{{Cite book|title=Women and Patriotism in Jim Crow America|last=Morgan|first=Francesca|publisher=|year=2005|isbn=|location=|pages=148}}
11. ^{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of American Race Riots, Volume 1|last=Rucker and Upton|first=Walter and James|publisher=|date=November 30, 2006|isbn=978-0313333019|location=Greenwood|page=64}}
12. ^{{Cite book|title=Women of Color: Mother-Daughter Relationships in 20th-Century Literature|last=Brown- Guillory|first=Elizabeth|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-292-70847-1|location=|pages=191}}
13. ^{{Cite book|title=NAACP Youth and the Fight for Black Freedom, 1936–1965|last=Bynum|first=Thomas|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|year=2012|isbn=1-57233-982-9|location=|pages=6–8}}
14. ^{{Cite book|title=ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN RACE RIOTS|last=Rucker|first=Walker|publisher=Geenwood Press|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=64}}
15. ^¹²³⁴{{Cite book|title=Press, Platform, Pulpit: Black Feminist Publics in the Era of Reform|last=Zackodnik|first=Teresa|publisher=The University of Tennessee Press/Knoxville|year=2011|isbn=|location=United States of America|pages=4}}