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词条 Anti-Pakistan sentiment
释义

  1. India

     Ideological  Sikhism  Sports  Media 

  2. Bangladesh

  3. Afghanistan

  4. Middle East

  5. France

  6. Israel

  7. United Kingdom

      Paki-bashing  

  8. United States

  9. See also

  10. References

{{Discrimination sidebar}}

Anti-Pakistan sentiment or Pakistan-phobia also known as Pakophobia[1][2][3][4] refers to hatred or hostility towards Pakistan, Pakistanis and Pakistani culture, ranging from criticism of public policies, to fear or an irrational fixation. The opposite of anti-Pakistan sentiment is pro-Pakistan sentiment.

India

Results of 2017 BBC World Service poll.
Views of Pakistan's influence by country[5]
Sorted by Pos-Neg
Country polled Positive Negative Neutral Pos-Neg
India}}5|c=#80FF80|width=50}}85|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 10 -80
Brazil}}5|c=#80FF80|width=50}}81|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 14 -76
France}}16|c=#80FF80|width=50}}72|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 12 -56
United States}}14|c=#80FF80|width=50}}71|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 15 -57
Canada}}14|c=#80FF80|width=50}}67|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 19 -53
Mexico}}10|c=#80FF80|width=50}}65|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 25 -55
Australia}}18|c=#80FF80|width=50}}63|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 19 -45
Nigeria}}19|c=#80FF80|width=50}}62|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 19 -43
United Kingdom}}28|c=#80FF80|width=50}}62|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 10 -34
Spain}}5|c=#80FF80|width=50}}59|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 36 -54
Peru}}9|c=#80FF80|width=50}}59|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 32 -50
Greece}}4|c=#80FF80|width=50}}58|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 38 -54
Turkey}}29|c=#80FF80|width=50}}48|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 23 -19
Germany}}1|c=#80FF80|width=50}}47|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 52 -46
Russia}}10|c=#80FF80|width=50}}40|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 50 -30
Kenya}}36|c=#80FF80|width=50}}35|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 29 +1
Indonesia}}38|c=#80FF80|width=50}}22|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 40 +16
China}}47|c=#80FF80|width=50}}44|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 9 +3
Pakistan}}47|c=#80FF80|width=50}}18|c=#FF8080|width=50}} 35 +29

Ideological

{{main|Indian nationalism|Hindu nationalism|Akhand Bharat|Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts}}

The Indian state officially rejects the validity of the Two Nation Theory, the notion that Indian Muslims are a distinct 'nation' and needed an independent homeland in South Asia. Nationalists led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to make what was then British India, as well as the 562 princely states under British paramountcy, into a single secular, democratic state.[6] Hindu nationalists in India support the idea of Akhand Bharat, 'undivided India', and consider the partition of India an illegitimate act. There have been many anti-Pakistan rallies involving the burning or desecration of Pakistani flags.[7][7][8][10][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Indian right-wing political parties frequently use anti-Pakistan sentiments to garner votes.[16]

Sikhism

The slogan "Death to Pakistan" (Pakistan Murdabad) was raised by Sikh leader Master Tara Singh in March 1947, soon after the Unionist Party cabinet of Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana resigned in the Punjab, and immediately after it was announced that the Muslim League would take over the reins of provincial government.[19][20][17] The resignation of the Khizar Tiwana government, composed of Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs, followed the unrest caused by the call for the Direct Action Day by the Muslim League the previous year.[18][19]

According to historian Stanley Wolpert in A New History of India,[20] when the administration of Punjab was taken over by Muslim League, "Master Tara Singh, prominent Sikh political and religious leader in the first half of the 20th century, called for direct action by his khalsa against the League at this time, igniting the powder keg of repressed violence that set the Punjab ablaze with his cry of "Pakistan Murdabad" ("Death to Pakistan"). Tara Singh and his followers were demanding a Sikh nation of their own, Khalistan, and by demonstrating their willingness to die in defence of their homeland, they sought to prove the validity of their claim."[20] This slogan often was followed by religious fights and conflicts.[21][22][23]

Sports

{{main|India–Pakistan cricket rivalry}}

In February 2011, the Shiv Sena stated that it would not allow Pakistan to play any 2011 Cricket World Cup matches in Mumbai.[24] Pakistan Hockey Federation also feared of sending the national hockey of Pakistan because of anti-Pakistani sentiment in India.[25] The state of Maharashtra, where Shiv Sena is prominent, has been deemed an unsafe venue for hosting visiting Pakistani teams.[26] Shiv Sena has periodically disrupted cricketing occasions involving the two countries. In 1999, it tampered the pitch at Feroz Shah Kotla Ground to stop a match between the two sides, while during the 2006 Champions Trophy it made threats against hosting Pakistan's matches in Jaipur and Mohali.[32] Post-2008, it has frequently threatened against the resumption of a bilateral Indo-Pakistani cricket series. In October 2015, Shiv Sena activists barged into the headquarters of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in Mumbai, chanting anti-Pakistan slogans and stopping a scheduled meeting between BCCI president Shashank Manohar and the Pakistan Cricket Board's Shahryar Khan and Najam Sethi.[32]

Media

Several major Bollywood films have depicted Pakistan in a hostile manner by portraying Pakistanis and the state as a hostile enemy.[27] Other Bollywood movies, however, have been highly popular in Pakistan and India's Bollywood movie star Shah Rukh Khan (whose ancestors come from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) has advocated India-Pakistan reconciliation. Although Bollywood films were banned for 40 years prior to 2008 because Indian culture was officially viewed as being "vulgar", there had been an active black market during the period and little was done to disrupt it.[28]

In 2012, Raj Thackeray and his party Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) told Indian singer Asha Bhosle not to co-judge in Sur Kshetra, a musical reality show aired on a local television channel that featured Pakistani artists alongside Indians. The MNS threatened to disrupt the shoot among other consequences if the channel went on to air the show. However, amid tight security in a hotel conference, Bhosle played down the threat, saying she only understood the language of music and did not understand politics.[29] In the past, Shiv Sena has disrupted concerts by Pakistani artists in India.[32] In October 2015, Shiv Sena activists assaulted Indian journalist Sudheendra Kulkarni and blackened his face with ink; Kulkarni was due to host a launch event for former Pakistani foreign affairs minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri's book in Mumbai.[30] The Shiv Sena have also blocked the screening or promotion of Pakistani films in Indian cinemas, or Indian films starring Pakistani actors, as well as threatening Pakistani artists in Maharashtra.[31][32][33]

According to one Indian minister, Kiren Rijiju, much of the obsession with Pakistan is limited to North India due to historical and cultural reasons.[34]

More recently following the Uri attack in 2016, due to which tensions escalated between India and Pakistan, anti-Pakistan sentiments became more pronounced; the Indian Motion Picture Producers’ Association voted to ban Pakistani artists from working in Bollywood.[35]

Bangladesh

{{Further|Bangladesh–Pakistan relations}}

The relationship between Bangladesh and Pakistan is affected by past history. Due to political, economic, linguistic and ethnic discrimination by the Pakistani state before independence in 1971, and the atrocities against the Bengalis committed by the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War, some people in Bangladesh abhor everything from Pakistan.[36] The Government of Bangladesh demands a formal apology for those atrocities from the Pakistani head of state, as well as putting on trial former military and political leaders who had played a role in the army action in then East Pakistan. Pakistan has continued to ignore this demand.[37]

In 2012, Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) abandon a planned cricket tour in Pakistan indefinitely amid fears over players' safety, following protests by Bangladeshis and a Facebook campaign against the visit.[38]

In response to Pakistan's National Assembly adopting a resolution to condemn Abdul Quader Mollah execution, protests were held outside the Pakistan High Commission.[39]

A 2014 PEW opinion poll found that 50% of Bangladeshis held a positive view of Pakistan.[40]

Afghanistan

{{Further|Afghanistan–Pakistan relations}}

Afghanistan–Pakistan relations have been negatively affected by issues related to the Durand Line, the 1978–present war (i.e. Mujahideen, Afghan refugees, Taliban insurgency and border skirmishes), including water and the growing influence of India in Afghanistan.[41][42] Most major attacks in Afghanistan are blamed on neighboring Pakistan and Iran. This makes anti-Pakistan sentiment run high in the country, particularly among the Afghan politicians.[43] In response to Afghan support for Baloch insurgents, since the 1970s onwards, Pakistan supported rebels such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Ahmad Shah Massoud,[44] Haqqanis, Taliban,[45] and others against the governments of Afghanistan.

In the 1990s, Pakistan's support for the Taliban movement led to strong anti-Pakistan sentiments in Afghanistan. According to Pakistan and Afghanistan expert Ahmed Rashid, "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan" keeping the Taliban regime in power.[46] The role of the Pakistani military during that time has been described by international observers as a "creeping invasion" of Afghanistan.[46] UN documents also reveal the role of Arab and Pakistani support troops in Taliban massacre campaigns.[47] In addition, Pakistan's funding and support of warlord Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, who sieged the city of Kabul with rockets for three years which killed thousands of civilians, has also played a part in anti-Pakistan sentiment.[48]

In the course of the Taliban insurgency anti-Pakistan sentiment was again fuelled after a spate of suicide bombings by the Taliban, which in 2011 and 2012 caused 80% of the civilian casualties in Afghanistan, and which the Afghan government and many international officials claim is supported by Pakistan.[49][50] Demonstrations in Afghanistan have denounced Pakistan politically for its alleged role in Taliban attacks.[51] Afghan leaders such as Amrullah Saleh or Ahmad Wali Massoud (a younger brother of Ahmad Shah Massoud) have said, that their criticism is directed at the politics of the Pakistani military and not at Pakistan as a country. Both reiterated the distinction by saying that the Pakistani people had been very generous in providing shelter to Afghan refugees but that it was the policy of the Pakistani military which had caused so much suffering to the Afghan people.[52]

Anti-Pakistan sentiment has increased in Afghanistan after hundreds of suicide bombings and assassinations.[49] In 2017 there were mass protests in several Afghan provinces, trying to highlight that Pakistan was a terrorist-sponsoring state.[53]

Middle East

In certain Middle Eastern countries, some Middle Easterns have behaved in a somewhat discriminatory and violent manner toward South Asians like Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans. In the case of Pakistanis, these attacks are usually carried on darker-skinned individuals versus their lighter-skinned, Iranic counterparts. Middle Easterns youth have also occasionally engaged in violent attacks on South Asian workers.[54]

France

{{Further|France–Pakistan relations}}

After the July 2005 bombings in London, there were waves of "Pakistanophobia" in France. A Pakistani community leader said a "right-wing newspaper, for instance, launched a ferocious campaign against Pakistanis in France and placed them in one basket, calling them a "cause for concern."[55]

Israel

{{Further|Israel–Pakistan relations}}

There has been some anti-Pakistani sentiment in Israel. During the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war, Israel played a major role in convincing the United States not to send weapons to Pakistan, indirectly leading it to impose an embargo on Pakistan.[56][57] The anniversary of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 is regularly marked in Israel with tributes paid to the Indian Armed Forces.[58]

In 1999, Israeli military personnel helped India develop better planned operations against Pakistan. In an interview with a Russian daily, Israel's Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman described Pakistan as an "evil empire", repeating U.S. President Ronald Reagan's choice reference for the Soviet Union.[59] Israeli journalists have also criticized Pakistan's nuclear weapons program.[60]

United Kingdom

{{Further|Pakistan–United Kingdom relations}}{{As of|2005}}, the United Kingdom had the largest overseas Pakistani community, who are known as British Pakistanis.[61] There have been periodic ethnic tensions faced by the Pakistani community. The first recorded use of the term "Paki" in a derogatory way was in the United Kingdom. However, the term has also been used for non-Pakistani South Asians. The word is being reclaimed by younger British Pakistanis, who use it themselves although this remains controversial.[62]

British Pakistanis were eight times more likely to be victims of a racist attack than White people in 1996.[63] The chances of a Pakistani being racially attacked in a year is more than 4% – the highest rate in the country, along with British Bangladeshis – though this has come down from 8% a year in 1996.[64] According to a 2016 YouGov survey, around 20% of British respondents were against admitting migrants from Pakistan and four other countries.[65]

Paki-bashing

{{Main|Paki-bashing}}

Starting in the late 1960s,[66] and peaking in the 1970s and 1980s, violent gangs opposed to immigration took part in frequent attacks known as "Paki-bashing", which targeted and assaulted Pakistanis and other South Asians.[67] "Paki-bashing" was unleashed after Enoch Powell's inflammatory Rivers of Blood speech in 1968,[66] and peaked during the 1970s{{ndash}}1980s, with the attacks mainly linked to far-right fascist, racist and anti-immigrant movements, including the white power skinheads, the National Front, and the British National Party (BNP).[68][69] These attacks were usually referred to as either "Paki-bashing" or "skinhead terror", with the attackers usually called "Paki-bashers" or "skinheads".[66] "Paki-bashing" was also fueled by the British media's anti-immigrant and anti-Pakistani rhetoric at the time,[69] and by systemic failures of state authorities, which included under-reporting racist attacks, the criminal justice system not taking racist attacks seriously, constant racial harassment by police, and sometimes police involvement in racist violence.[66]

United States

{{Further|Pakistan–United States relations}}

Public opinion polling shows that the United States has the most anti-Pakistan sentiment of any country with 85% expressing a negative view in a 2014 BBC poll.[70]

Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, Pakistani-Americans have been targeted more often in hate crime attacks. Pakistani Americans are subjected to greater scrutiny in airport security checks. Up to 45,000 of the estimated 100,000-strong Pakistani community in New York were deported or left voluntarily following the attacks.[71]

In 2006, Hasan, a Princeton University graduate, was arrested by Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials who allegedly tortured him, accusing him of having ties to Al Qaeda before deporting him to Pakistan. In 2009, his wife formally requested the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad review his case in 2009.[72]

See also

  • Anti-Pashtun sentiment
  • Anti-India sentiment
  • Pakistani people

References

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4. ^{{cite book|title=U.S.A. and the Hindustan Peninsula|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wgUjAAAAMAAJ&q=pakophobia&dq=pakophobia|author=K. K. Kaul|date=1952–1966|quote=even though it was easy to fan Pakophobia under the circumstances.43 The Prime Minister of Pakistan, on the other hand, asserted that Nehru was not afraid of aggression from Pakistan, but was protesting against US aid for fear of..}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=2017 BBC World Service Global Poll|url=http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf|website=BBC World Service|accessdate=4 August 2017}}
6. ^Hardgrave, Robert. "India: The Dilemmas of Diversity", Journal of Democracy, pp. 54–65
7. ^1 Yale H. Ferguson and R. J. Barry Jones, Political space: frontiers of change and governance in a globalizing world, page 155, SUNY Press, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-5460-2}}
8. ^Alison Blunt, Domicile and Diaspora, page 29, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4443-9918-9}}
9. ^1 Ulrika Mårtensson and Jennifer Bailey, Fundamentalism in the Modern World (Volume 1), page 97, I.B.Tauris, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-84885-330-0}}
10. ^Jyotirmaya Sharma, "Ideological heresy?, The Hindu, 19 June 2005
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15. ^{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/vhp-rss-activists-set-pak-flag-on-fire-bjp-says-dont-approve/|title=VHP, RSS activists set Pak flag on fire, BJP says don't approve|date=20 April 2015|work=The Indian Express}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/981925/if-bjp-loses-bihar-polls-crackers-will-burst-in-pakistan-bjp-president/|title=If BJP loses Bihar polls, crackers will burst in Pakistan: Amit Shah|work=The Express Tribune|date=30 October 2015|accessdate=31 October 2015}}
17. ^{{citation|last=Moon|first=Penderel|title=Divide and Quit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpViCTc-YAgC&pg=PA77|accessdate=23 July 2012|year=1962|publisher=University of California Press|page=77|id=GGKEY:4N8AYYFTYFJ}}
18. ^1 {{citation|last=Vohra|first=Ranbir|title=The Making of India: A Historical Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDKoyGjFo44C&pg=PA177|accessdate=19 July 2012|year=2001|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-0711-9|pages=177–}}
19. ^{{citation|last=Singh|first=Anita Inder|editor=Mushrul Hasan|title=The Partition Omnibus|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mJuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA218|accessdate=19 July 2012|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-565850-7|page=218|chapter=The Origins of the Partition of India 1936–1947}} Quote: The attitude of the provincial Congress and Sikh leaders was provocative and hysterical. But it was explicable because the League's attitude during its agitation against the Khizar coalition was one of arrogance towards the minorities and it had never given them any indication of what Pakistan meant or what it might offer them in return for support. The League, as Jenkins pointed out, had also set a foreboding precedent by overthrowing a popular ministry by force, and, after the announcement of 20 February, had made every suggestion that it would capture the Punjab by any means. On 4 March Hindu and Sikh students took out a procession through the main part of Lahore shouting "Pakistan Murdabad", "Jinnah Murdabad" and according to Dawn "Allaho-Akbar Murdabad". Rioting broke out in Lahore and Multan, and Khizar resigned as caretaker Prime Minister, chiefly because his ministry could not control the situation.
20. ^1 2 {{citation|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|authorlink=Stanley Wolpert|title=A new history of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTwwAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA347|accessdate=21 July 2012|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-516677-4|page=347}}
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24. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1464606.ece |title=Sena leader announces veiled threat on World Cup final involving Pakistan |work=The Hindu |date= 17 February 2011|accessdate=17 February 2011 |location=Mumbai, India}}
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27. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-4-2004_pg9_1 |title=Indian film festival to screen anti-Pakistan films |work=Daily Times |first=Khalid |last=Hasan |date=3 April 2004 |accessdate=30 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112074355/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-4-2004_pg9_1 |archivedate=12 January 2005 |df=dmy }}
28. ^[https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/03/15/how_pakistan_fell_in_love_with_bollywood How Pakistan Fell in Love With Bollywood]. Foreign Policy (15 March 2010). Retrieved 3 June 2012.
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30. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/930447.html|title=BCCI-PCB talks hit by anti-Pakistan protest|date=19 October 2015|accessdate=20 October 2015|work=Cricinfo}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/10/21/shiv-sena-turns_n_8344056.html|title=Shiv Sena Threatens Pakistani Actors Fawad Khan, Mahira Khan Against Promoting Films in Maharashtra|work=Huffington Post|date=21 October 2015|accessdate=30 August 2017}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/shiv-sena-threatens-against-bin-roye-screening-204/|title=Shiv Sena threatens against 'Bin Roye' screening|work=Daily Pakistan|date=15 July 2015|accessdate=30 August 2017|first=Sarfraz|last=Ali}}
33. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1307897/shiv-sena-warns-distributors-against-screening-of-raees|title=Shiv Sena warns distributors against screening of Raees|work=Dawn|date=12 January 2017|accessdate=30 August 2017}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiren-Rijiju-Pakistan-obsession-is-a-north-Indian-thing/articleshow/45947416.cms|title=Kiren Rijiju: Pakistan obsession is a north Indian thing|work=The Times of India}}
35. ^Bollywood Becomes India and Pakistan’s Latest Battleground https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/world/asia/bollywood-becomes-india-and-pakistans-latest-battleground.html?_r=0
36. ^[https://archive.is/20130719131431/http://www.dhakacourier.com.bd/?p=12509 ]
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-74841-BD-seeks-Pak-apology-for-1971-war-crimes|title=BD seeks Pak apology for 1971 war crimes|date=9 November 2012|work=The News International, Pakistan}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2012/dec/311212-Security-concerns-forces-Bangladesh-to-shelf-Pakistan-tour.htm |title=Security concerns force Bangladesh to shelf Pakistan tour |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=2012-12-31 |accessdate=2015-05-29}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-130868-Bangladeshi-protesters-burn-Pakistan-flag,-Imran-Khans-effigies-,|title=Bangladeshi protesters burn Pakistan flag, Imran Khan's effigies|date=18 December 2013|work=The News International, Pakistan}}
40. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/chapter-4-how-asians-view-each-other/|title=Chapter 4: How Asians View Each Other|website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|access-date=2016-04-04|date=2014-07-14}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/312794/what-does-pakistan-want-in-afghanistan-3/|title=What does Pakistan want in Afghanistan?|work=The Express Tribune|date=2011-12-27}}
42. ^{{cite news| url=http://world.time.com/2012/12/02/what-iran-and-pakistan-want-from-the-afghans-water/?xid=rss-topstories | title=What Iran and Pakistan Want from the Afghans: Water | work=Time | date=2 December 2012}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/05/20/iran-pakistan-out-weaken-afghanistan-mps-told|title=Iran, Pakistan out to weaken Afghanistan, MPs told|work=pajhwok.com}}
44. ^{{cite web |title=Ahmad Shah Masoud |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/761543/Ahmad-Shah-Masoud |quote=Masoud, an ethnic Tajik, studied engineering before the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and then moved to Pakistan for military training. |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=18 December 2012}}
45. ^{{cite news |title=Taliban Will Control Afghanistan With Support From Pakistan, Says Leaked Report |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/01/taliban-afghanistan-pakistan_n_1246234.html#slide=307333 |work=Huffington Post |accessdate=18 December 2012 |first=Ryan |last=Craggs |date=1 February 2012}}
46. ^1 {{cite book|last=Maley|first=William|title=The Afghanistan wars|year=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-21313-5|page=288}}
47. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-10-12/news/0110120312_1_taliban-fighters-massacres-in-recent-years-mullah-mohammed-omar|title=Taliban massacres outlined for UN |series= Newsday|date=October 2001|work= Chicago Tribune|first=Edward A|last=Gargan}}
48. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/post-soviet-pakistani-interference-afghanistan-how-and-why |title = Post-Soviet Pakistani Interference in Afghanistan: How and Why}}
49. ^1 {{cite news|last=Gall|first=Carlotta|title=Afghan Suicide Bombings, Tied to Taliban, Point to Pakistan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/15/international/asia/15afghan.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 February 2006}}
50. ^{{cite web|first=Thomas |last=Joscelyn |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/09/admiral_mullen_pakis.php |title=Admiral Mullen: Pakistani ISI sponsoring Haqqani attacks |work=The Long War Journal| quote = During a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing today, Admiral Michael Mullen, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, highlighted the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence Agency's role in sponsoring the Haqqani Network – including attacks on American forces in Afghanistan. "The fact remains that the Quetta Shura [Taliban] and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with impunity," Mullen said in his written testimony. "Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan troops and civilians as well as US soldiers." Mullen continued: "For example, we believe the Haqqani Network—which has long enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government and is, in many ways, a strategic arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency—is responsible for the September 13th attacks against the U.S. Embassy in Kabul."|date=22 September 2011 |accessdate=1 December 2011}}
51. ^{{cite news | url =http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/23/world/la-fg-afghanistan-funeral-20110924 | title = Protests break out at Afghanistan peace negotiator's funeral | work =Los Angeles Times | quote = Angry protests against Afghan President Hamid Karzai erupted Friday at the burial of his government's chief peace negotiator, who was killed this week by a suicide bomber posing as a Taliban envoy. The daylong funeral observances for Burhanuddin Rabbani, a former president, brought Afghanistan's capital to a near-standstill, with some of the heaviest security in recent memory. Police and soldiers in armored vehicles patrolled the streets, checkpoints dotted major boulevards and traffic circles, and a large part of central Kabul was blocked to all but foot traffic. Helicopters buzzed overhead. ... Mourners also shouted slogans denouncing Pakistan, which is seen as fomenting insurgent violence ...| first=Laura | last=King | date=23 September 2011}}
52. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b015v1f5/HARDtalk_Amrullah_Saleh_Former_Head_of_Afghan_Intelligence/ Amrullah Saleh on the BBC's Hardtalk]. BBC. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
53. ^{{Cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/anti-pakistan-protests-break-out-across-afghanistan-117040800117_1.html | title=Anti-Pakistan protests break out across Afghanistan| newspaper=Business Standard India| date=2017-04-08}}
54. ^{{cite news|title=Why Is There So Much Hate Inside Us? |author=Abdullah Al-Mutairi |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=13§ion=0&article=79830&d=27&m=3&y=2006 |newspaper=Al-Watan |accessdate=September 2, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616055822/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=13§ion=0&article=79830&d=27&m=3&y=2006 |archivedate=16 June 2012 |df=dmy }}
55. ^'Pakistanophobia' Grips France, Fox News Channel
56. ^Indian foreign policy: challenges and opportunities by Atish Sinha, Madhup Mohta, Academic Foundation, 2007, p 332.
57. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4205750.stm|title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - Pakistan and Israel - new friends?|date=September 2005}}
58. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-jewish-general-who-beat-pakistan-1.133918|title=The Jewish General Who Beat Pakistan|work=Haaretz.com|date=2004-09-06}}
59. ^Pakistan is an evil empire and threat to Israel: Israeli FM, Dawn newspaper, 22 Apr, 2009.
60. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.657319|title=Pakistan Is the Only Muslim Nuclear-armed State. Why Is Israel's Hysteria Reserved for Iran? - Opinion - Haaretz - Israel News Haaretz.com|work=Haaretz.com|date=2015-05-20|last1=Bermant|first1=Azriel}}
61. ^{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&lpg=PR2&pg=PA475|chapter=Pakistani migration and diaspora religious politics in a global age| authorlink=Pnina Werbner | first=Pnina|last=Werbner|title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World|editor1-first=Melvin|editor1-last=Ember|editor2-first=Carol R.|editor2-last=Ember|editor3-first=Ian|editor3-last=Skoggard|year=2005|location=New York|publisher=Springer|page=475|isbn=978-0-306-48321-9}}
62. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6740445.stm|title=After the N-word, the P-word|first=|date=11 June 2007|work=|publisher=BBC News|quote=Its first recorded use was in 1964, when hostility in Britain to immigration from its former colonies in the Asian sub-continent, was beginning to find a voice.|via=|author=Rajni Bhatia|accessdate=1 January 2012}}
63. ^{{cite news |title=Most race attack victims 'are white' |author=Ian Burrell |newspaper=The Independent |date= 8 February 1999|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/most-race-attack-victims-are-white-1069502.html |accessdate=2 November 2010}}
64. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/pakistanis-are-eight-times-more-likely-to-be-victim-of-a-racist-attack-than-whites-596594.html |title=Pakistanis are eight times more likely to be victim of a racist attack than whites – Home News, UK |work=The Independent |date=4 February 2003 |accessdate=27 April 2010 | location=London}}
65. ^{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1174013/20-british-public-admitting-single-pakistani-migrant-survey/|title=20% of British public against admitting single Pakistani migrant: survey|work=The Express Tribune|date=1 September 2016|accessdate=3 September 2016}}
66. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last1=Ashe |first1=Stephen |last2=Virdee |first2=Satnam |last3=Brown |first3=Laurence |title=Striking back against racist violence in the East End of London, 1968–1970 |journal=Race & Class |date=2016 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=34–54 |doi=10.1177/0306396816642997 |pmid=28479657 |pmc=5327924 |issn=0306-3968}}
67. ^{{cite news|title=In the eye of the storm|url=http://www.redpepper.org.uk/In-the-eye-of-the-storm/|accessdate=23 June 2015|work=Red Pepper}}
68. ^Nahid Afrose Kabir (2012), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GRPsAQAAQBAJ Young British Muslims], Edinburgh University Press
69. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Max |last2=Currie |first2=P. M. |last3=Holbrook |first3=Donald |title=Extreme Right Wing Political Violence and Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781441140876 |pages=40–53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4bFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40}}
70. ^{{cite web |url=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf |title=2014 BBC World Service poll}}
71. ^{{cite books|author=Jonathan H. X. Lee and Kathleen M. Nadeau|title=Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|page=958}}
72. ^{{cite news|publisher=Dawn|title=American Rose fights for Pakistani husband|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/491260/american-rose-fights-for-pakistani-husband|date=September 17, 2009}}
{{Anti-cultural sentiment}}{{Racism}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}

7 : Anti-Pakistan sentiment|India–Pakistan relations|Political terminology in Pakistan|Politics of Pakistan|Prejudices|Anti-national sentiment|Anti-Asian sentiment
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