| 词条 | Antirhodos |
| 释义 |
| name = Antirhodos | native_name = | native_name_lang = | alternate_name = | image = Plan of Alexandria c 30 BC Otto Puchstein 1890s EN.svg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Map of ancient Alexandria. "2" marks the island of Antirhodos. | map = | map_type = Egypt | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of Egypt showing the location of Antirhodos. | map_size = | altitude_m = -5 | altitude_ref = | relief = | coordinates = {{coord|31|12|24|N|29|54|01|E|display=inline,title}} | map_dot_label = | location = Alexandria | region = Egypt | type = Island | part_of = Alexandria Port | length = {{convert|300|m|ft|-1}} | width = | area = {{convert|500|ha|abbr=on}} | volume = | diameter = | circumference = | height = | builder = | material = | built = c. 250BC | abandoned = | epochs = | cultures = Ptolemaic Kingdom | dependency_of = | occupants = Cleopatra | event = | excavations = 1996 | archaeologists = Franck Goddio | condition = Submerged | ownership = | management = | public_access = | other_designation = | website = | architectural_styles = | architectural_details = | notes = }}Antirhodos (sometimes Antirrhodos or Anti Rhodes) was an island in the eastern harbor of Alexandria, Egypt, on which a Ptolemaic palace was sited. The island was occupied until the reigns of Septimius Severus and Caracalla[1] and it probably sank in the 4th century, when it succumbed to earthquakes and a tsunami following an earthquake in the eastern Mediterranean near Crete in the year 365. The site now lies underwater, near the seafront of modern Alexandria, at a depth of approximately {{convert|5|m|0|spell=in}}.[2] Descriptions of the island were recorded in classical antiquity by Greek geographers and historians.[3] Strabo described a royal house on Antirhodos in 27 BC[4] and wrote that the island's name ("counter-Rhodes") derived from the island's rivalry with the island of Rhodes.[5] Antirhodos was part of Alexandria's ancient royal port called the Portus Magnus, which also included parts of the Lochias peninsula in the East and the island of Pharos in the West.[6] The Portus Magnus was abandoned and left as an open bay after an earthquake in the 8th century.[3] RediscoveryIn 1996, underwater archaeology in the harbour of Alexandria conducted by Franck Goddio located the island and found that it was on the opposite side of the harbour from where it was placed by Strabo.[7] The excavations showed that the island had been occupied from before the founding of Alexandria and that it was totally levelled and prepared for construction around 250BC.[4] The island was small (about {{convert|500|ha|-2|disp=or}}) and fully paved,[8] with three branches leading in different directions. The main branch was {{convert|300|m|-2}} long and had an esplanade facing the site of the Caesarium temple on the mainland seafront. On the esplanade Goddio uncovered the remains of a relatively modest (90 metres by 30 metres) marble-floored 3rd century BC palace, believed to have been Cleopatra's royal quarters. On another narrow branch of the island there was a small Temple of Isis which had at its entrance a life-size granite statue representing a shaven-headed Egyptian priest of the goddess Isis carrying a jar topped with an image of Osiris.[9] A pair of granite sphinxes flanked the statue, one of which had the head of Cleopatra's father.{{cn|date=October 2018}} Between the branches on the eastern side of the island there was a small port with docks.[1] Here there was a series of 60 columns, each 1 metre in diameter and 7 metres in length, made of red Egyptian granite and topped with a decorated crown. Ancient paintings indicate that the columns acted as the ceremonial gateway to the island.[10] The wreck of a 30-metre long 1st century BC or 1st century AD Roman ship has been identified in the vicinity of the port.[11] Evidence from a hole in the ship's hull suggests that it could have sunk after being rammed by another boat.[2] The site of Mark Antony's uncompleted palace, the Timonium, has also been located on the island.[3] Other finds include a colossal stone head thought to be of Cleopatra's son Caesarion, and a huge quartzite block with an engraving of a pharaoh and an inscription indicating that it depicts Seti I, father of Ramses II. Some of the pharaonic objects on the site had been brought from Heliopolis by the Ptolemaic rulers and re-used to construct their buildings. The remains on the island do not seem to date from later than the Ptolemaic period, suggesting the palace may have been abandoned soon after Cleopatra's death and the absorption of Egypt into the Roman Empire.[4] Bibliography{{cite book |last= Puchstein |first= Otto |date= 1894 |title=Paulys Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft |trans-title=Pauly's Real Encyclopedia of Classical Antiquity |url= |language=de |location= Stuttgart |entry=Antirrodos |publisher= |volume=1&2 |isbn= |access-date= }}{{cite journal |author= |title=Herrscher der bewohnten Erde |trans-title=Ruler of the Inhabited Earth |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-8810524.html |journal=Der Spiegel |issue=44 |date=27 October 1997 |access-date=23 July 2015 }}References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.bubastis.be/expo/paris_2007/paris_03.html |title=Expositions (Grand Palais, Paris, 2006-2007): Trésors engloutis d'Égypte |website=www.bubastis.be |last= |first= |date=2007 |access-date=16 August 2015 |language=French |trans-title=Exhibition (Grand Palais, Paris, 2006-7): Egypt's Sunken Treasures }} {{Authority control}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}2. ^1 {{cite news |author= |title=Sphinx of Cleopatra's father emerges from waves |url=http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/science/9810/29/cleopatra.sphinx/index.html |newspaper=CNN News |location= |date=29 October 1998 |access-date=15 August 2015 }} 3. ^1 2 {{cite news |author= |date=26 May 2010 |title=Sunken treasure - divers recover the stunning artefacts of Cleopatra's palace |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1281419/Sunken-treasure--divers-recover-stunning-artefacts-Cleopatras-palace.html |newspaper=Daily Mail |location= |access-date=15 August 2015 }} 4. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=Vizard |first=Frank |date=May 1999 |title=In Search of Cleopatra's Palace |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pmPTH6m6Y6MC&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=antirhodos#v=onepage&q=antirhodos&f=false |journal=Popular Science |volume=254 |issue=5 |access-date=16 August 2015 }} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A1*.html |title=The Geography of Strabo: Book XVII |author=Strabo |date= |website=The University of Chicago |publisher=Bill Thayer |access-date=23 July 2015 |quote=They so called it as being a rival of Rhodes}} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Smith |first=William |date= |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=alexandreia-geo |location=London |publisher=Walton and Maberly |page=27 |isbn= |access-date=23 July 2015 }} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.virtual-egypt.com/newhtml/articles/Cleopatra's%20Sunken%20Palace2.htm |title=Cleopatra's Sunken Palace |author=Michael Sedge |date= |website=Virtual Egypt |publisher= |access-date=15 August 2015 |quote=}} 8. ^{{cite journal |last=Mirsky |first=Steve |date=31 January 2010 |title=Cleopatra's Alexandria Treasures |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/cleopatras-alexandria-treasures-10-01-31/ |journal=Scientific American |access-date=16 August 2015 }} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://sciencev1.orf.at/science/news/10421 |title= Stadtplan des antiken Alexandria |trans-title=City Map of ancient Alexandria |date= |publisher=ORF |accessdate=23 July 2015 |quote=Finds such as the 1.70-meter-high statue of a high priest indicate that the island once held once a small shrine dedicated to the ancient Egyptian goddess Isis.}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.uwphotographyguide.com/diving-cleopatras-palace |title=Diving into Egyptian History: The Rediscovery of Cleopatra's Sunken Palace and Diving it Today |last1=Atif |first1=Wessam |last2= |first2= |date= |website=Underwater Photography Guide |publisher= |access-date=16 August 2015 |quote= }} 11. ^{{cite journal |last=Sandrin |first=Patrice |last2= Belov |first2=Alexander |last3=Fabre |first3=David |date=March 2013 |title=The Roman Shipwreck of Antirhodos Island in the Portus Magnus of Alexandria, Egypt |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=44–59 |doi= 10.1111/j.1095-9270.2012.00363.x}} 12 : Ancient Alexandria|Ancient Egypt|Archaeology of Egypt|Cleopatra|Former islands|Underwater ruins|Geography of ancient Egypt|History of Alexandria|Mediterranean islands|Nile Delta|Ptolemaic Alexandria|Sunken cities |
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