“Anti-Shi'ism”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The dispute over the right successor to Muhammad resulted in the formation of two main sects, the Sunni, and the Shia. The Sunni, or followers of the way, followed the caliphate and maintained the premise that any member of Quraysh could potentially become the successor to the Prophet if accepted by the majority. The Shia however, maintain that only the person selected by God through the Prophet (Hadith of the pond of Khumm) could become his successor, thus Imam Ali became the religious authority for the Shia people. Militarily established and holding control over the Umayyad government, many Sunni rulers perceived the Shia as a threat – both to their political and religious authority.^[3]

The Sunni rulers under the Umayyads sought to marginalize the Shia minority. The persecution of Shias throughout history by Sunni co-religionists has often been characterized by brutal and genocidal acts. Comprising only around 10% of the entire Muslim population, to this day, the Shia remain a marginalized community in many Sunni dominant countries without the rights to practice their religion freely or to become established as an organized denomination.^[4]

Historical persecution

Umayyads

The grandson of Muhammad, Imam Hussein, refused to accept Yazid I's rule. Soon after in 680 C.E., Yazid sent thousands of Umayyad troops to lay siege to Hussein's caravan. During the Battle of Karbala, after holding off the Umayyad troops for six days, Hussein and his seventy-two companions were killed, beheaded, and their heads were sent back to the caliph in Damascus. These seventy-two included Hussein's friends and family. The more notable of these characters are Habib (Hussein's elderly friend), Abbas (Hussein's loyal brother), Akbar (Hussein's 18-year-old son), and Asghar (Hussein's six month old infant). On the night of Ashura (which is called Sham-e-Gharibaan), the army of Yazid burned the tents which Hussein's family and friends had lived in. The only occupants of the tents after the war were the women, children, of Hussein's companions along with Hussein's last ill son named Zain-Ul-Abideen (who became the next Imam after Hussein). During the raid, Yazid's forces looted, burned, and tortured the women and children. They then took the heads of the martyrs, planting them on spearheads to parade. The women's shawls and headdresses were also stripped and they were forced to march beside their men's heads all the way to Damascus. They stayed in prison there for about a year. While Imam Hussein's martydom ended the prospect of a direct challenge to the Umayyad caliphate, it also made it easier for Shiism to gain ground as a form of moral resistance to the Umayyads and their demands.^[5] There was also the Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali.

Siege of Baghdad

After the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258, prejudice against Shias became more frequent, reminiscent of blaming Shias for every problem.^[6]

Persecution under Seljuk/Ottoman Empire

In response to the growth of Shiism, the Ottoman Empire killed Shias in Anatolia. Hundreds of thousands of Shias were killed in the Ottoman Empire, including the Alevis in Turkey, the Alawis in Syria and the Shi'a of Lebanon.^[7]

India

In the past Shias in India faced persecution by some former Sunni rulers and Mughal Emperors, resulting in the death of Indian Shia scholars like Qazi Nurullah Shustari (also known as Shaheed-e-Thaalis, the third "Martyr") and Mirza Muhammad Kamil Dehlavi (also known as Shaheed-e- Rabay, the fourth "Martyr") Qutubuddin Shaheed, also spelled Qutbkhan Qutbuddin, Ahmedabad, India was the 32 nd Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohra sect of Musta‘lī Islam. He succeeded the 31st Dai Kasim Khan Zainuddin who are three of the five martyrs of Shia Islam. Shias also faced persecution in India in Kashmir for centuries, by the Sunni invaders of the region which resulted in the killing of many Shias and as a result most of them had to flee the region.^[8]

Villages disappeared, with community members either migrating to safety further north or dissolving in the majority faith. The persecution suffered by Shias in Kashmir during the successive foreign rules was not new for the community. Many of the standard bearers of Shia’ism, like Sa’adaat or the descendants of the Prophet Mohammad and other missionaries who played a key role in spread of the faith in Kashmir, had left their home lands forced by similar situations.

During Aurangzeb's rule, many Shia Muslims from North Karnataka had to leave their cities to save themselves. They settled in Bangalore, Mysore, Alipur, Karnataka and other southern cities.

Present day India is a secular state and adherents of Shia Islam in India are free to practice their faith freely. Additionally the day of Ashura, listed as Moharram, and the birthdate of Ali are recognized as public holidays.

However Shias Muslims in Kashmir are not allowed to practice mourning on the day of Ashura. The state government of Jammu and Kashmir has placed restrictions over Muharram processions which is seen as opposite to the right to freedom of religion that is fundamental right of Indian citizens. Every year clashes take place between the mourners and Indian guards on the eve of Karbala martyrdom anniversaries.^[10]

China

Most foreign slaves in Xinjiang were Shia Ismaili Mountain Tajiks of China. They were referred to by Sunni Turkic Muslims as Ghalcha, and enslaved because they were different from the Sunni Turkic inhabitants.^[11] Shia Muslims were sold as slaves in Khotan. The Muslims of Xinjiang traded Shias as slaves.^[12]

Modern times

Afghanistan

There is widespread violence and discrimination against Afghan Hazaras, who became an easy target for the Sunni extremists due to their distinct features. Abdur Rahman Khan is responsible for hundreds of thousands of Afghan Shia deaths. Nowadays, Hazaras are regularly targeted by the Taliban or ISIS. They also face discriminatory policies from the Sunni dominated, central government in Kabul, such as lack of proper protection or underfunding of their majority regions.

Bangladesh

There is limited violence against Shias in Bangladesh. For example, on October 24, 2015 a Shia mosque was blasted while 1 died and many injured as well.^[13] Another most widely discussed attack took place at Haripur in Shibganj in Bogra. The Muazzin was shot dead in the Shiite mosque and at least four men including the Imam were injured while Magrib prayer was going on.^[14]

Bahrain

A majority of Bahrain's population are Shia, with figures between 70-75% people.^[15] The ruling Al Khalifa family, who are Sunni Muslim, arrived in Bahrain from Qatar at the end of the eighteenth century. Shiites alleged that the Al Khalifa failed to gain legitimacy in Bahrain and established a system of "political apartheid based on racial, sectarian, and tribal discrimination."^[16] Vali Nasr, a leading Iranian expert on Middle East and Islamic world said "For Shi'ites, Sunni rule has been like living under apartheid".^[17]

2011 uprising

An estimated 1000 Bahrainis have been detained since the 2011 uprising and Bahraini and international human rights groups have documented hundreds of cases of torture and abuse of Shia detainees.^[18] According to csmonitor.org, the government has gone beyond the crushing of political dissent to what "appears" to be an attempt to "psychologically humiliating the island's Shiite majority into silent submission."^[18]

Apartheid

Discrimination against Shia Muslims in Bahrain is severe and systematic enough for a number of sources (Time magazine,^[19] Vali Nasr, Yitzhak Nakash, Counterpunch,^[20] Bahrain Centre for Human Rights,^[21] etc.) to have used the term “apartheid” in describing it.

Ameen Izzadeen writing in the Daily Mirror asserts that{{quotation|after the dismantling of the apartheid regime in South Africa, Bahrain remained the only country where a minority dictated terms to a majority. More than 70 percent of the Bahrainis are Shiite Muslims, but they have little or no say in the government.^[22]}}

The Christian Science Monitor describes Bahrain as practicing {{quotation|a form of sectarian apartheid by not allowing Shiites to hold key government posts or serve in the police or military. In fact, the security forces are staffed by Sunnis from Syria, Pakistan, and Baluchistan who also get fast-tracked to Bahraini citizenship, much to the displeasure of the indigenous Shiite population.^[23]}}

Egypt

While Shia activists claim the number exceeds one million, the Salafists say there are only a few thousand.^[24] Estimated numbers of Egypt's Shias range from 800,000^[25] to about two to three million.^[26]^[27]

According to Brian Whitaker, in Egypt, the small Shia population is harassed by the authorities and treated with suspicion, being arrested – ostensibly for security reasons –- but then being subjected to torrents of abuse by state security officers for their religious beliefs. For decades, international organisations, including the UN, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, have documented instances in which Egyptian Shias have been targeted for their religious beliefs. A December 2012 report by UN refugee agency UNHCR highlighted the fact that Shias still cannot openly practice their religious rituals in Egypt. Hassiba Hadj Sahraoui told the UNHCR that many groups were being prosecuted for alleged 'blasphemy'. US Commission on International Religious Freedom continues to label Egypt as a "country of particular concern" in terms of systematic violations of religious freedom. In December 2011, Egyptian security forces prevented hundreds of Shias from observing Ashura religious celebrations in Cairo's El-Hussein Mosque, a Shia holy site. Police forcibly removed the Shia worshippers from the mosque after Salafi groups accused them of performing barbaric rituals.

Indonesia

On December 29, 2011 in Nangkrenang, Sampang, Madura Island a Shia Islamic boarding school, a school adviser's house and a school's principal house were burned by local villagers and people from outside. Indonesia is the most populous Muslim country in the world which is dominated by Sunnis. A day after the incident, a Jakarta Sunni preacher said: "It was their own fault. They have established a pesantren (Islamic school) in a Sunni area. Besides, being a Shiite is a big mistake. The true teaching is Sunni and God will only accept Sunni Muslims. If the Shiites want to live in peace, they have to repent and convert."^[28]^[29]

Malaysia

Malaysia bans Shias from promoting their faith.^[31] 16 Shias were arrested on the 24th of September 2013, for "spreading" their faith.^[32](broken link)

The Malaysian government is seeking to prevent Shia Islam from spreading—despite the country's hosting a 250,000-strong Shia population. Home Ministry secretary-general Datuk Seri Abdul Rahim Mohamad Radzi announced Last Year that Shia followers who were only a small community of three camps 10 years ago are now a population of 250,000, including 10 active groups, across Malaysia. "The development of information technology is among the factors for their growth as the teachings are spreading through a range of social sites,” Radzi said, urging that the Shia movement be rooted out

The ISA was used on several occasions to target Shi‘a in Malaysia. Ten Shi‘a were arrested in 1997 under the ISA and another six suffered the same fate in October 2000. The federal system has also meant that adherence to the anti-Shi‘a fatwa has not been standardized, even among those states in which it carries legal force. In December 2010, for example, 200 Shi‘a were arrested by the Selangor Islamic Religious Department for celebrating ashura under the Selangor state shari‘a criminal enactment law. Four years later, 114 Shi‘a were arrested by the Perak Islamic Religious Affairs Department with assistance from the Malaysian police.

Pakistan

Over 1,900 Shias (including Hazaras and Ismailis) were killed in bomb blasts or targeted gun attacks from 2012 to May 2015 alone.^[33]

The violence has claimed lives of thousands of men, women and children. Shia make up 20% of the Muslim population in Pakistan.^[34]^[35] Doctors, businessmen and other professionals have been targeted in Karachi by Sunni militants on a regular basis. Hazara people in Quetta, have lost nearly 8000 community members. Most have been targeted by terrorist attacks by Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan which are a Sunni militant organizations affiliated with Al-Qaeda and Taliban. In the northern areas of Pakistan, such as Parachinar and Gilgit-Baltistan, Sunni militants have continuously been attacking and killing Shia Muslim civilians. On August 16, 2012, some 25 Shia passengers were pulled out of four buses on Babusar road, when they were going home to celebrate Eid with their families. They were summarily executed by Al-Qaeda affiliated Sunni Muslim militants. On the same day, three Hazara community members were shot dead in Pakistan's southwestern town of Quetta. Sunni extremists, aligned with Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, yearly are killing Shia civilians by the hundreds in Pakistan.

The sole purpose of terrorists such as Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan is to cleanse Pakistan of Shia Muslims. On 26 June 2018, government of Pakistan lifted ban on Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, unfroze its assets and removed its notorious leader from terrorist watch list.^[36]^[37]

Saudi Arabia

In modern-day Saudi Arabia, the Wahhabi rulers limit Shia political participation to a few notable people. These notables benefit from their ties to power and in turn, are expected to control their community.^[38] Saudi Shias comprise roughly 15% of the 28 million Saudis (estimate 2012).^[39]^[40] Although some live in Medina (known as the Nakhawila), Mecca, and even Riyadh, the majority are concentrated in the oases of al-Hasa and Qatif in the oil-rich areas of the Eastern Province. They have faced long-term religious and economic discrimination. They have usually been denounced as heretics, traitors, and non-Muslims. Shias were accused of sabotage, most notably for bombing oil pipelines in 1988. A number of Shias have been executed. In response to Iran's militancy, the Saudi government collectively punished the Shia community in Saudi Arabia by placing restrictions on their freedoms and marginalizing them economically. The ulama (who adhere to Salafism) were given permission to sanction violence against the Shia. What followed were fatwas passed by the country's leading cleric, Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz which denounced the Shias as apostates. Another by Adul-Rahman al-Jibrin, a member of the Higher Council of Ulama even sanctioned the killing of Shias. This call was reiterated in Salafi religious literature as late as 2002.^[40]

Unlike Iraq and Lebanon which have a sizable number of wealthy Shia, Saudi Arabia does not. There have been no Shia cabinet ministers. They are kept out of critical jobs in the armed forces and the security services. There are no Shia mayors or police chiefs, and none of the three hundred Shia girls’ schools in the Eastern Province have a Shia principal.^[40]

The government has restricted the names that Shias can use for their children in an attempt to discourage them from showing their identity. Saudi textbooks are hostile to Shiism often characterizing the faith as a form of heresy. Salafi teachers frequently tell classrooms full of young Shia schoolchildren that they are heretics.^[41]

In the city of Dammam, a quarter of whose residents are Shia, Ashura is banned, and there is no distinctly Shia call to prayer. There is no Shia cemetery for the nearly 25% of the 600,000 Shias that live there. There is only one mosque for the city's 150,000 Shias. The Saudi government has often been viewed as an active oppressor of Shias^[42] because of the funding of the Wahhabi ideology which denounces the Shia faith.^[43]

In March 2011, police opened fire on peaceful protesters in Qatif, and after Shia unrest in October 2011 the Saudi government promised to crush any further trouble in the eastern province with an "iron fist."^[44]

Saudi Arabia continues its anti-Shia campaign both domestically and abroad. According to the Independent, "Satellite television, internet, YouTube and Twitter content, frequently emanating from or financed by oil states in the Arabian peninsula, are at the centre of a campaign to spread sectarian hatred to every corner of the Muslim world, including places where Shia are a vulnerable minority, such as Libya, Tunisia, Egypt and Malaysia."^[45]

Saudi Arabia's policy towards non-Wahhabi forms of religious expression has been described as religious apartheid.^[46] Mohammad Taqi writes that{{quotation|The Saudi regime is also acutely aware that, in the final analysis, the Shiite grievances are not merely doctrinal issues but stem from socioeconomic deprivation, as a result of religious repression and political marginalization bordering on apartheid.^[47]}}

In January 2016, Saudi Arabia executed the prominent Shiite cleric Sheikh Nimr, who had called for pro-democracy demonstrations, along with 47 other Saudi citizens sentenced by the Specialized Criminal Court on terrorism charges.^[48]

Since May 2017^[49]^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53] in response to protests against the government, the predominantly Shia town of Al-Awamiyah has been put under full siege by the Saudi military. Residents are not allowed to enter or leave, and military indiscriminately shells the neighborhoods with airstrikes, mortar^[54] and artillery^[55] fire along with snipers^[56] shooting residents.^[57]^[58]^[59]^[60] Dozens of Shia civilians were killed, includinga a three year old and^[61] a two year-old children.^[62]^[63] The Saudi government claims it is fighting terrorists in al-Awamiyah.

Residents also reported soldiers shooting at homes, cars and everyone in streets.^[64]^[65]

During the crackdown the Saudi government demolished several historical sites and many other buildings and houses in Qatif.^[66]^[67]^[68]

On July 26, 2017, Saudi authorities began refusing to give emergency services to wounded civilians. Saudi Arabia has also not provided humanitarian help to trapped citizens of Awamiyah.^[69]

In August 2017, it was reported that the Saudi government demolished 488 buildings in Awamiyah. This demolition came from a siege of the city by the Saudi government, as it continued to try to prevent the citizens of the city from gaining their rights.^[70]

President of Quran Council^[73] and two cousins of executed Nimr al-Nimr were also killed by Saudi security forces in Qatif in 2017.^[74]^[75]

In February 2019, while visiting Prophet’s grave in Medina, a six years old boy was beheaded in front of his mother after they confirmed to be Saudi Shia Muslims to an unknown, unrelated man that approached them. The boy was beheaded with the help of broken piece of glass in front of his screaming and frightened mother.^[76]

See also

References

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2. ^{{cite journal|last=Kedourie|first=Elie|title=Anti-Shi'ism in Iraq under the Monarchy|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|date=April 1988|volume=24|issue=2|pages=249–253|doi=10.1080/00263208808700740}}
3. ^The Origins of the Sunni/Shia split in Islam
4. ^Nasr, Vali (2006). The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future. W.W. Norton & Company Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-393-06211-3}} pp. 52-53.
5. ^Nasr(2006), p. 41
6. ^Nasr(2006), p. 53
7. ^Nasr(2006)p. 65-66
8. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.kashmirobserver.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4682:shias-of-kashmir-socio-political-dilemmas&catid=14:features&Itemid=12|title= Shias of Kashmir – Socio Political Dilemmas| publisher=Kashmir Observer |accessdate=2010-07-01}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://kashmirobserver.net/news/features/shias-kashmir-socio-political-dilemmas|title=Shias of Kashmir: Socio-Political Dilemmas|work=Kashmir Observer}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/clashes-jammu-and-kashmir-over-muharram-procession-ban-624 |title=Clashes in Jammu and Kashmir over Muharram procession ban |work=The Asian Age |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224359/http://www.asianage.com/india/clashes-jammu-and-kashmir-over-muharram-procession-ban-624 |archivedate=2014-12-24 }}
11. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA20&dq=xinjiang+trade+banned+by+qianlong+bek+system+serfs&hl=en&ei=6JYbTY7fK8P98AabnOHKDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=xinjiang%20trade%20banned%20by%20qianlong%20bek%20system%20serfs&f=false|title=Situating the Uyghurs between China and Central Asia|author=Ildikó Bellér-Hann|year=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|isbn=0-7546-7041-4|page=20|pages=|accessdate=2010-07-30}}
12. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC&pg=PA138&dq=slavery+was+officially+abolished+in+eastern+turkestan+in+1897+british+agent+sir+george&hl=en&ei=bo4bTZ3UFI-q8AaBosDeDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#|title=Community matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur|author=Ildikó Bellér-Hann|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|location=|page=138|isbn=90-04-16675-0|pages=|accessdate=28 December 2010}}
13. ^http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/10/24/uk-bangladesh-bomb-killed-idUKKCN0SI01F20151024
14. ^https://news.yahoo.com/claims-attack-shiite-mosque-bangladesh-052446912.html
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://bahrainipolitics.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/facts-on-ground-reliable-estimate-of.html|title=Religion and Politics in Bahrain: Facts on the Ground: A Reliable Estimate of Bahrain's Sunni-Shi'i Balance, and Evidence of Demographic Engineering|website=bahrainipolitics.blogspot.co.uk|access-date=2016-03-02}}
16. ^{{cite book |last=Nakash |first=Yitzhak |year=2006 |title=Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World |page=24 |url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8127.pdf |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
17. ^{{cite news | author=Bobby Ghosh | title = Behind the Sunni-Shi'ite Divide | date=5 March 2007 | publisher=Time magazine | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1592849-2,00.html | accessdate=18 March 2012}}
18. ^¹Bahrain campaign to humiliate Shiites goes beyond politics, By Caryle Murphy / csmonitor.com / June 7, 2011
19. ^Aryn Baker "Why A Saudi Intervention into Bahrain Won't End the Protests" March 14, 2011, Time Magazine.
20. ^Franklin Lamb {{cite web|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/lamb04152011.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-10-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623170213/http://www.counterpunch.org/lamb04152011.html |archivedate=2011-06-23 }} " The Obama Doctrine: AWOL in Bahrain," April 15–17, 2011, CounterPunch.
21. ^"A Smearing Campaign against the Shiite Bahraini Citizens with the Participation of the Bahraini Crown Prince and the Ambassador of Bahrain in Washington", Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, viewed Mar 31, 2011
22. ^Ameen Izzadeen [24] "Bahrain: the butchery of democracy dream," March 18, 32011, Daily Mirror
23. ^Raymond Barrett [25] "Bahrain emerging as flashpoint in Middle East unrest," Feb. 15, 2011, Christian Science Monitor.
24. ^{{cite news|title=The Shias: Egypt's forgotten Muslim minority|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/67170.aspx|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=18 Mar 2013|author=Zeinab El-Gundy}}
25. ^{{cite web|url = http://jcpa.org/article/egypts-shiite-minority-between-the-egyptian-hammer-and-the-iranian-anvil/|title = Egypt’s Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil|author = Col. (ret.) Dr. Jacques Neriah|date = September 23, 2012|publisher = JCPA}}
26. ^{{cite news|title=Spring Brings Worse for Shias|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/04/spring-makes-it-worse-for-egypts-shias/|accessdate=29 July 2013|date=Apr 26, 2013|author=Cam McGrath|agency=Inter Press Service News Agency|location=Cairo}}
27. ^{{cite news|title=Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1107961/egypt-attack-on-shia-comes-at-dangerous-time|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=Sky News |date=25 June 2013 |author=Tim Marshall}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/29/sharia-islamic-boarding-school-attacked-madura.html |title=Shia Islamic boarding school attacked in Madura |date=December 29, 2011}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/31/arson-shiite-pesantren-illiteracy-and-local-leaders.html |title=Arson of Shiite ‘pesantren’, illiteracy and local leaders |date=December 31, 2011}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/79142/amnesty-intl-urges-ri-to-protect-shiite-minority |title=Amnesty Int`l urges RI to protect Shiite minority |date=January 14, 2012}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page%3D2011%5C03%5C10%5Cstory_10-3-2011_pg4_2 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-12-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415003044/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C03%5C10%5Cstory_10-3-2011_pg4_2 |archivedate=2013-04-15 |df= }}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/16-shiites-arrested-130-monitored-by-cops-says-minister |title=16 arrested for spreading Shia teachings, says minister - Bernama |work=themalaysianinsider.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110123231/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/16-shiites-arrested-130-monitored-by-cops-says-minister |archivedate=2013-11-10 }}
33. ^{{cite journal|last1=Roul|first1=Animesh|title=Growing Islamic State Influence in Pakistan Fuels Sectarian Violence|journal=Terrorism Monitor|date=June 26, 2015|volume=13|issue=13|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44083&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=26&cHash=48d507d49abec49f73d4640cb2d342f9#.VZLoM9JVhBc|accessdate=30 June 2015}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf|title=Country Profile: Pakistan|date=February 2005|publisher=Library of Congress|quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni and 5 percent Shia.|work=Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan|accessdate=2010-09-01}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk|title=Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other|year=2010|publisher=CIA|department=Pakistan (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%|accessdate=2010-08-28|work=The World Factbook}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1744294/1-govt-lifts-ban-aswj-unfreezes-assets-chief-ahmed-ludhianvi/|title=Govt lifts ban on ASWJ, unfreezes assets of its chief Ahmed Ludhianvi|date=27 June 2018|website=The Express Tribune|accessdate=11 January 2019}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/06/pakistan-removes-aswj-leader-ahmed-ludhianvi-from-terrorist-watchlist/|title=Pakistan removes ASWJ leader Ahmed Ludhianvi from terrorist watchlist|website=Samaa TV|accessdate=11 January 2019}}
38. ^Nasr(2006) p. 84
39. ^Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights retrieved 19 July 2012
40. ^¹²Nasr(2006) p. 236
41. ^Nasr(2006)p. 237
42. ^https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/24/anti-shia-bias-driving-saudi-arabia-unrest
43. ^Nasr(2006) p. 237
44. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/06/saudi-crush-protests-iran?newsfeed=true Saudis crush dissent and point finger at Iran for trouble in eastern province], Ian Black, guardian.co.uk, 6 October 2011
45. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/sunni-monarchs-back-youtube-hate-preachers-antishia-propaganda-threatens-a-sectarian-civil-war-which-will-engulf-the-entire-muslim-world-9028538.html|title=Sunni monarchs back YouTube hate preachers: Anti-Shia propaganda threatens a sectarian civil war which will engulf the entire Muslim world|newspaper=Independent|date=December 29, 2013|author=Patrick Cockburn}}
46. ^Patrick Bascio(2007). Defeating Islamic Terrorism: An Alternative Strategy. Branden Books. p. 60. {{ISBN|978-0-8283-2152-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bqJjhalQ3wkC&pg=PA60]. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
47. ^Mohammad Taqi, "Saudi Arabia: the prized domino" March 10, 2011, Daily Times (Pakistan)
48. ^{{cite web | title=Saudi execution of Shia cleric sparks outrage in Middle East |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/02/saudi-execution-of-shia-cleric-sparks-outrage-in-middle-east |work=The Guardian| date=2 January 2016}}
49. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SKEW7RtQ_U
50. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDeDA9JRRrA
51. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfwFS_Ynn7g
52. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3U8jHg-HNA
53. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0W5z-6zKt8
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72. ^http://presstv.ir/Detail/2017/08/11/531369/UN-Saudi-Arabia-Awamiyah
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