“Ant tribe”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

"Ant tribe" ({{zh|s=蚁族|t=蟻族|p=yǐzú|zhu=ㄧˇㄗㄨˊ}}) is a neologism for a group of low-income university graduates who settle for a poverty-level existence in the cities of China. Those who belong to the ant tribe class hope that, in time, they will find the jobs for which they were trained in college. Lian Si ({{zh|廉思}}), then a postdoctoral researcher at Peking University, coined the term "ant tribe" to draw a comparison between the lives of these college graduates and ants: "They share every similarity with ants. They live in colonies in cramped areas. They're intelligent and hardworking, yet anonymous and underpaid."^[1] Typically consisting of those born during and after the 1980s, the ant tribe is considered the fourth disadvantaged social class in the Chinese social paradigm, alongside the traditionally disadvantaged classes of the peasantry, the migrant workers, and those formerly employed by government-owned corporations and left unemployed by the economic reform in China.

A Chinese paradigm

Background

After reading "The Down Youth" ({{zh|向下的青春}}),{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} an article in China Newsweek{{#tag:ref|China Newsweek is not affiliated from the United States Newsweek publication. It was founded as is managed by China News Service.^[2]|group="nb"}} about the difficult living conditions of college graduates born in the 1980s, the PKU social scientist Lian Si began to research the living conditions of college graduates. Lian found that there was a similarity between the hard-working, smart and "stuck on the ground" ants and the struggling crowds of city-dwelling college graduates. This led Lian to coin the viral phrase "ant tribe".^[1]^[3]^[4] The college graduates, with degrees in economics, engineering, management and medicine, and based upon a seven-city survey are earning on average US$286 (CNY 1,904) a month as reported in 2010. The 2010 Annual Report on the Development of Chinese Talent, which reports the results of another survey, estimates that there are 1 million people who fit the definition of ant tribe members living in slum conditions.^[1]

A key characteristic of the ant tribe is their optimism. After completing their college education, the young people often seek to stay in urban areas to maximize their career prospects. As a result, they accept the short-term consequences of starting-level positions for which they are over-qualified, believing that they will rise to their desired job level in time. There's a correlation between the prestige of one's degree and the size of the city that they hope to eventually stay in. Students from the best colleges generally flock to big cities, while students who have only completed vocational training are more likely to vie for positions in smaller cities.^[5]^[8]^[9]

To control costs, ant tribe people are likely to rent small rooms or share a crowded small apartment in the city slums. Accommodations are often spartan: little furniture and no air conditioning, even as the temperatures in the major cities of China frequently exceed 100 °F (38 °C). Some ant tribe dwellings have no window and many utilize a shared bath, unless their owners are able and willing to shoulder the costs for a private bath.^[10]^[6] Some have no access to hot water or heating.^[12] These apartments, while located in the major cities of China and host college-educated people, are noted to resemble slums in third-world countries.^[10]

Factors

Some of the factors that made the plights of the ant tribe possible and difficult to surmount in China are:

General economic and market factors

Rising housing costs, as much as 33% increase over recent years and a 9.5% increase from 2009 to 2010, have made it very difficult to find affordable housing. Successful programs to recruit college students has resulted in a large number of individuals seeking professional positions. In 1998 the program to build the number of professionals saw the successful number of graduates reach 830,000. The number rose to 6 million by May, 2009. However, there were no reciprocal programs to ensure that professional positions would be available for these new graduates.^[7]^[10]^[8]

Education reform

In 1996, China began expanding university enrollment to meet growing demands of educated laborers, which contributed to the deflation of the undergraduate degree. Excessive enrollment and ignorance of professional training skills massively inflated the raw number of college graduates, while the market demanded more technical laborers.^[7]^[10]^[8] As a result, the skill set of Chinese college graduates became undesirable to the growing market.

Wages

Wages in many positions have been cut between 50–100% in large cities because of the large number of people entering the job markets there, making wages lower than factory workers. Regarding alternative temporary jobs, these young adults may accept jobs where their wage is subject to aggressive sales quotas that, if unmet, lowers their actual wage. Wages for professional positions has not seen a substantial change up or down. Consequently, even if the ant tribe people eventually attain their desired job level, these jobs would worth even less due to increases in the cost of living. Due to the structure of China's economy, the demand for uneducated manual laborers to work in manufacturing has soared, resulting in an up to an 80% increase in pay over the six-year period between 2003 and 2009.^[7]^[10]^[8]

Socio-economic factors

Most of the ant tribe come from rural or less developed districts, and many are raised in uneducated agricultural families. Graduates who come from a rural background may not have the social skills and connections ("guanxi") important in building a successful career. People who have migrated into the city are not eligible for government supported programs, such as social welfare benefits and subsidized housing. Traditionally, those who have migrated from rural towns to the cities consider it shameful to seek work in their hometown. Often, their parents have endured significant hardship to support the student through college and placed hopes of attaining a higher living standard in the cities upon those college graduates. To many in the ant tribe, it is preferable to stay in the city regardless of the living and working conditions, even if many of them cannot even afford to travel home during Chinese New Year, traditionally a time for family reunion. As of 2012, the 80s generation are approaching the age when they are socially pressured to marry and to have children, which requires even better living conditions.^[7]^[10]^[8]^[9]^[10]

If more opportunities do not become available for the 1980s generation, their dissatisfaction may undermine the stability of the CCP regime in China.^[8]

Transition

As the result of publicity of Lian's book on the ant tribe, representatives from the National People's Congress (NPC) visited Tangjialing, a district of Beijing reportedly with the largest population of ant tribe people, to review the situation. Following their review, a plan was developed by the local government to improve the ant tribe's living conditions.^[3] About 50,000 young people were displaced to nearby villages as Tangjialing prepared to begin demolition and reconstruction of the area.^[11]

In the meantime, many of the people that Lian originally studied are still living a marginal existence.^[4] To them, living in a large city means living a poor life due to the higher cost of living. There may be a general trend for young people to move to smaller and mid-sized cities as Chinese companies relocate to those areas from the larger cities to control their costs.^[12]^[8] Another strategy these young adults employ is to modify their career goals by seeking highly demanded positions in the medical industry, such as nursing; or education.^[7] Instead of flocking to big cities in search of the American Dream, social scientists encourage them to try their luck in smaller cities. Rather than being blinded by the glamor of success in a big city, “they should gain more insight into their own strengths and weakness, in order for them to make the right decisions."^[13]

Proposed Solutions

Related information

Comparison to other countries

See also

Notes

1. ^¹²"China's 'ant tribe' still struggling." China Daily. December 14, 2010.
2. ^China Media Guide. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
3. ^¹Xiao, Zhang. (January 5, 2011). "Ant Tribe leader marches forward." China Daily. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
4. ^¹Yao, Li. (January 6, 2011). "Prof bonds with ant tribe." China Daily. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
5. ^'"Ant tribe" grows bigger.' China Daily. December 20, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
6. ^'China's young college grads toil in "ant tribes"' China Daily. June 28, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵Jacobs, Andrew. (December 11, 2010). [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/world/asia/12beijing.html?_r=1&nl=todaysheadlines&adxnnl=1&emc=a2&adxnnlx=1325024825-NlEOyXw1qrBnPxYQtfaL9w "China's Army of Graduates Struggle for Jobs."] New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
8. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶Jennings, Ralph (writer); Pomfret, James (reporter); Goldin Megan (editor). (February 17, 2010) [https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/18/us-china-middleclass-idUSTRE61H01220100218 China's "ant tribe" poses policy challenge for Beijing.] Thomson Reuters. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
9. ^Looking at city "ant tribes" is the starting point to solve the problem. Tencent News. February 22, 2010. Retrieved January 6, 2012. (Translated).
10. ^Siew, Chen; Yahong Li. (January 13, 2010). China’s ‘Ant Tribe’: Between Dreams and Reality. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325215549/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=49960 |date=March 25, 2010 }} IPS News. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
11. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶Wei, Wang. (August 8, 2010). Ant tribe swams to new villages. China Daily. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
12. ^¹Hongyi, Wang. (August 19, 2010). 'Ant tribe' should try luck in smaller cities: poll. China Daily. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
13. ^'Ant tribe' should try luck in smaller cities: poll. China.org. August 19, 2010. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
14. ^The Ant Tribe's soultions. WIX.com. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
15. ^Educational attainment and illiteracy International Labour Organization. pp. 8–9. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
16. ^Clifford, Mark L.; Pau, Janet. (2011). "Through the Eyes of Tiger Cubs: Views of Asia's Next Generation." John Wiley & Sons (Asia). p. 27-28. {{ISBN|978-1-118-09463-1}}.
17. ^ILO–Palestinian Authority Agreement International Labour Organization. p. 52.
18. ^"Decent work for Africa’s Youth" International Labour Organization. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
19. ^Hong Kong: Active Labour Market Policy Youth Employment in Asia and the Pacific: Analytical Framework and Policy Recommendations, International Labour Organization. pp. 64–65. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
20. ^Indonesia. Youth Employment in Asia and the Pacific: Analytical Framework and Policy Recommendations, International Labour Organization. pp. 65–72. Retrieved December 28, 2011.