“Apiomorpha”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Apiomorpha is a genus of scale insect that induces galls on species of Eucalyptus. Galls are initiated by first-instar nymphs (crawlers) on new plant growth and, when mature, the galls exhibit marked sexual dimorphism. Those induced by females are among the largest and most spectacular of arthropod-induced galls whereas those of males are small and most are tubular.^[1] Apiomorpha is known only from Australia and New Guinea although its host, Eucalyptus, has a wider distribution into Indonesia as well.

Morphology

Like other scale insects, Apiomorpha is highly sexually dimorphic.^[1] Adult females are wingless, have very small (or no) eyes, and their legs are short and stubby. A female remains within the gall she initiated when a crawler, mating through the small apical opening of her gall. She reproduces inside the gall and her tiny offspring (≤ 0.4 mm) escape through the same small opening. Adult females of Apiomorpha can range in length from 2 mm to 45 mm, depending on species, and can live up to five years as adults.^[4] In contrast, adult males of Apiomorpha are small (about 1 mm in length) and winged. Like males of other eriococcids, they do not have a mouth and, instead, have an extra pair of eyes on the underside of their head (i.e., they have four eyes, two on top and two underneath). Males leave their galls as adults and search for females. They are weak fliers and typically walk on their host plant looking for females before taking to the air. After leaving their gall, adult males only live about one day.^[4]

Species

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵Gullan, P.J. 1984. A revision of the gall-forming coccoid genus Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Homoptera: Eriococcidae: Apiomorphinae). Aust. J. Zool. Suppl. Ser. 97:1-203. doi:10.1071/AJZS097
2. ^Miller, D. & Ben-Dov, Y. 2005. ScaleNet {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404165159/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm |date=2013-04-04 }}
3. ^Cook, L.G., Gullan, P.J. & Trueman, H.E. 2002. A preliminary phylogeny of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) based on nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25(1): 43-52. DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00248-8
4. ^¹Cook, L. G. and P. J. Gullan. 2001. Longevity and reproduction in Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Bollettino di Zoologia agraria e Bachicoltura 33:259-265.
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Froggatt|first1=W. W.|title=Notes on the subfamily Brachyscelinae, with descriptions of new species. Part V.|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales|volume=23|year=1898|pages=370–379|issn=1839-7263}}
6. ^¹{{cite journal|last1=Mills|first1=Penelope J.|last2=Gullan|first2=Penny G.|last3=Cook|first3=Lyn G.|title=Nomenclatural changes in the Australasian gall-inducing genus Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae)|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4250|issue=5|year=2016|pages=484–488|issn=1175-5334|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4250.5.6}}
7. ^¹{{cite journal|last1=Mills|first1=Penelope J.|last2=Semple|first2=Thomas L.|last3=Garland| first3=Kathleen L. S.|last4=Cook|first4=Lyn G.|title=Two recently discovered species of Apiomorpha (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) feeding on eudesmid eucalypts in Western Australia reaffirm host conservatism in this gall-inducing scale insect genus|journal=Invertebrate Systematics|volume=30|issue=3|year=2016|pages=255–273|issn=1445-5226|doi=10.1071/IS15039}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Lyn G|title=Apiomorpha gullanae sp. n., an unusual new species of gall-inducing scale insect (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae)|journal=Australian Journal of Entomology|volume=42|issue=4|year=2003|pages=327–333|issn=1326-6756|doi=10.1046/j.1440-6055.2003.00370.x}}
9. ^Mills P.J., Macdonald M.L., Rigby L.M. & Cook L.G. (2011). A recently discovered species of Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) with unusual gall morphology. Zootaxa, 3093, 55-63.
10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Schrader|first1=H. L.|title=Observations on certain gall-making Coccidae of Australia|journal=Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales |volume=1|year=1863|pages=1–6|issn=1321-6244}}
11. ^Gullan P.J. & Jones M.G. (1989). A new species of gall-forming coccoid (Insecta: Homoptera: Eriococcidae) from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum. 14, 321-329.