“Owen Gingerich”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Owen Jay Gingerich ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|ə|r|ɪ|tʃ}}; born 1930) is professor emeritus of astronomy and of the history of science at Harvard University and a senior astronomer emeritus at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. In addition to his research and teaching, he has written many books on the history of astronomy.

Gingerich is also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the International Academy of the History of Science. A committed Christian, he has been active in the American Scientific Affiliation, a society of evangelical scientists.^[1] He has served on the board of trustees of the Templeton Foundation.^[2]

Early life

Gingerich was born to a Mennonite family in Washington, Iowa, but was raised on the prairies of Kansas where he first became interested in astronomy. His father, Melvin Gingerich, taught at Bethel College in North Newton, Kansas, from 1941 to 1947, when he took a job at Goshen College in Indiana. He travelled to Poland in 1946 as a seagoing cowboy. When his family relocated, Owen Gingerich began attending Goshen College without having graduated from high school, having just completed his junior year.^[3] He continued his studies at Harvard University. In 2004 on May 22nd, Newton High School awarded him an honorary high school diploma, and he gave a graduation commencement speech to the Newton High School Class of 2004.^[3]

Career and contributions

Gingerich was eventually led to teach astronomy at Harvard where his lectures became noted for attention-getting devices. Amongst these was propelling himself out of the classroom with a fire extinguisher to demonstrate Newton’s third law of motion and dressing up like a sixteenth-century Latin scholar.^[4] He also is associated with the Smithsonian and served as chairman of the International Astronomical Union’s Planet Definition Committee, which was charged with updating the astronomical definition of planet to reflect recent discoveries such as Eris.

The seven-member committee drafted a definition which preserved Pluto’s status by only requiring a planet to be (1) large enough to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape) and (2) orbiting a star without itself being a star. This proposal was criticized by many for weakening the meaning of the term. The eventual definition adopted by the IAU added an additional requirement, that a body must have cleared its neighborhood of all other sizable objects, language that Gingerich was “not at all pleased” with.^[5]

In addition to astronomical research, he has also studied the history of astronomy. In the 1950s, he researched Charles Messier’s life and the Messier Catalog. Gingerich found notes by Messier on two additional Objects, discovered by Pierre Méchain, which he added to the Messier Catalog: M108 (NGC 3556) and M109 (NGC 3992). He investigated the missing Messier Objects, concluding that M91 was probably a comet and that M102 was probably a duplication of M101. The first conclusion was later dismissed as W. C. Williams brought up evidence that M91 is probably NGC 4548, but the second is still open (M102 may be NGC 5866).^[6]

Gingerich is a widely recognized authority on both Johannes Kepler and Nicolaus Copernicus, especially in regard to his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. He is also an expert on Galileo's astronomical observations, and took a leading role in establishing that the watercolor lunar images in a celebrated copy of Galileo's Sidereus nuncius were modern forgeries and not made by Galileo.^[7]

In 1959, in chapter II of The Sleepwalkers, titled "The System of Copernicus", Arthur Koestler wrote that: "The book that nobody read – the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres – was and is an all-time worst-seller." After reading in the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh a thoroughly annotated copy previously owned by Erasmus Reinhold,^[8] a prominent sixteenth-century German astronomer who worked in University of Wittenberg shortly after Copernicus' death, Gingerich was inspired to check Koestler's claim and to research who had owned and studied the book's first two editions, published in 1543 and 1566 in Nuremberg and Basel respectively. He discovered, from marginal annotations, that the book was widely read after all. Gingerich also documented where and how the book was censored. Due largely to Gingerich’s work, De revolutionibus has been researched and catalogued better than any other first-edition historical text except for the original Gutenberg Bible.^[4] His three-decade-long personal survey of Copernicus’ great book De revolutionibus was recounted in The Book Nobody Read, published in 2004 by Walker & Co. These Copernican researches earned him the Polish government’s Order of Merit in 1981.^[9] His most recent books, God's Universe (Harvard, 2006) and God's Planet (Harvard, 2014), deal with the intersection of science and religion.

Science and religion

Since he is a Christian as well as a historian of science and a cosmologist, Gingerich has been asked several times to comment on matters concerning the interplay between science and faith. One of these, Intelligent design, he calls an issue with “immense incomprehension from both the friends and foes.” On the one hand, he says that it is unfortunate that there seems to be a knee-jerk reaction among its critics that I.D. is simply Young Earth creationism in disguise. On the other hand, he says that, while I.D. supporters make a good case for a coherent understanding of the nature of the cosmos,

Gingerich believes “there is a God as a designer, who happens to be using the evolutionary process to achieve larger goals – which are, as far as we human beings can see, [the development of] self-consciousness and conscience.” He has written that “I ... believe in intelligent design, lowercase ‘i’ and ‘d’. But I have trouble with Intelligent Design – uppercase ‘I’ and ‘D’ – a movement widely seen as anti-evolutionist.” He indicated that teleological arguments, such as the apparent fine tuning of the universe, can count as evidence, but not proof, for the existence of God. He said that “a common-sense and satisfying interpretation of our world suggests the designing hand of a superintelligence.”^[11]

Accepting the common descent of species, Gingerich is a theistic evolutionist. Therefore, he does not accept metaphysical naturalism, writing that

Gingerich’s beliefs have sometimes resulted in criticism from young earth creationists, who dissent from the view that the universe is billions of years old. Gingerich has responded, in part, by saying that “the great tapestry of science is woven together with the question ‘how?’” while the biblical account and faith “addresses entirely different questions: not the how, but the motivations of the ‘Who’.”^[1]

Accomplishments and awards

At Harvard, Gingerich taught “The Astronomical Perspective,” a core science course for non-scientists, which at the time of his retirement in 2000 was the longest-running course under the same management at the University.^[13] He was known for his creativity in teaching, using, for example, medieval costumes and fire extinguishers. A notable example was when in one semester, when the number of students signing up for the course lagged, Gingerich hired a plane to fly over Harvard Yard with a banner: "Sci A-17. M, W, F. Try it!".^[4] In 1984, he won the Harvard-Radcliffe Phi Beta Kappa prize for excellence in teaching ^[14]

In addition to over 20 books, Gingerich has published nearly 600 technical or educational articles and reviews, and he has written many other articles for a popular audience. Two anthologies of his essays have been released, The Great Copernicus Chase and Other Adventures in Astronomical History from Cambridge University Press and The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler in the American Institute of Physics "Masters of Modern Physics" series.^[9]

He has been a councilor of the American Astronomical Society, and helped organize its Historical Astronomy Division. In 2000, he won their Doggett Prize for his contributions to the history of astronomy.^[15] He was awarded the Prix Jules Janssen of the Société astronomique de France (French Astronomical Society) in 2006.

Asteroid 2658 Gingerich, discovered on February 13, 1980, at the Harvard College Observatory, was named in his honor.

Personal life

Gingerich and his wife, Miriam, have been married for over 60 years.^[4] They have three sons, Mark, Peter, and Jonathan, as well as three grandchildren named Philip, Yasmin, and Dilara. They enjoy traveling, photography, and collecting both sea shells and rare books.^[15] Though they do not own a copy of the first edition of De revolutionibus (they own two second editions^[16]), his collection of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century ephemerides (books that give day-by-day positions of the planets) recently surpassed the runner-up, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.^[3]

Works

References

1. ^¹Stephen C. Meyer. "Owen Gingerich". Eternity. May 1986.
2. ^Templeton Foundation board of trustees {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226131501/http://www.templeton.org/about_us/who_we_are/board_of_trustees/ |date=2007-02-26 }}. Accessed Nov. 15, 2006
3. ^¹²"Astrophysicist Owen Gingerich to visit Newton, Bethel College {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224140505/http://www.bethelks.edu/news-events/news/post/3327/ |date=2014-02-24 }}". May 19, 2004
4. ^¹²³Peter DeMarco. "Book quest took him around the globe". Boston Globe. April 13, 2004
5. ^Robert Roy Britt. "Pluto Demoted: No Longer a Planet in Highly Controversial Definition". Aug. 24, 2006
6. ^Owen Gingerich at SEDS. Accessed 22 Sept. 2006
7. ^Nicholas Schmididle, A Very Rare Book, New Yorker, Dec. 16, 2013, pp. 62-73
8. ^Michael Cohen, The Book Nobody Read, review, 05 February 2005 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003014445/http://wkaa.net/article.php?articleid=63&ret=articlelist.php&cat=GA |date=3 October 2006 }}
9. ^¹Owen Gingerich {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209184356/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsdept/bios/gingerich.html |date=2006-12-09 }} Harvard faculty web page. Accessed Sept. 22, 2006.
10. ^Owen Gingerich. "Taking the ID debate out of pundits’ playbooks {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927235507/http://www.stnews.org/guide.php?guide=Intelligent%20Design |date=2006-09-27 }}". Science & Theology News. Nov. 8, 2005.
11. ^Chris Floyd. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060523212827/http://science-spirit.org/article_detail.php?article_id=144 Eyes Wide Open: An Interview with Owen Gingerich]. Science and Spirit. Accessed Sept. 23, 2006
12. ^Jonathan Witt. "Owen Gingerich Encourages Civil ID Debate {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317100054/http://www.idthefuture.com/2005/11/post.html |date=2006-03-17 }}". Nov. 9, 2005
13. ^http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~scia17/
14. ^http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k19082&pageid=icb.page95862{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
15. ^¹Owen Gingerich at Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Accessed Sept. 22, 2006
16. ^Gingerich, O.:The Book Nobody Read, Walker & Co., 2004.