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词条 Armorial of the United States
释义

  1. Arms versus seal

     Design 

  2. Authority

  3. Regulation

  4. Federal

     President  Military 

  5. States

      Missing territorial or state coats of arms   Depictions on banknotes 

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. References

      Citations    Sources  

  9. Further reading

  10. External links

  11. See also

  12. References

  13. External links

{{See also|United States heraldry}}

The coats of arms of the U.S. states are coats of arms, adopted by those states that have chosen, that are an official symbol of the state, alongside their seal. Eighteen states have officially adopted coats of arms. The former independent Republic of Texas and Kingdom of Hawaii each had a separate national coat of arms, which are no longer used.

Arms versus seal

Heraldic arms were worn (embroidered) on a coat which knights wore over their armor, hence coat of arms,[1] a term which dates back roughly 1,000 years[2] to jousting tournaments.[3]

A state coat of arms may exist independently of the seal, but the reverse is not generally the case.[4] A seal contains a coat of arms or other devices[5][6] whereas a state coat of arms constitutes the bulk of a seal,[6][7] except for the wording identifying it as the "Great Seal of the State of..."[8] A "seal" has been described as the design impressed on public or legislative official documents,[9] whereas a coat of arms generally appears for illustrative purposes. Examples include flags and banners,[10] and state militia uniform caps[11] and buttons,[12] as well as specifically-designed regimental coats of arms for U.S. Infantry Regiments, and National Guard units.[13] {{quotation |A coat of arms of a nation or state is usually the design or device of the obverse of its seal. It is an official emblem, mark of identification, and symbol of the authority of the government of a nation or state. A nation or state's coat of arms is oftentimes referred to as the national or state arms.[14]}}

Design

The design of a state coat of arms or seal has generally been authorized by a provision in the state constitution or a legislative act. In most instances a committee (more often than not consisting of three members)[15][16][17][18] was appointed to study the issue, seek advice from qualified artists, historians, legal scholars, etc., and report back to the authorizing legislative body with a design for their approval. Historically, this committee has consisted of notable members of society and elected officials.

The first committee to design the Great Seal of the United States was appointed on 4 July 1776 by the Second Continental Congress and consisted of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson.[19] Their design was rejected on 20 August 1776. The second committee (James Lovell, John Morin Scott, and William Churchill Houston) design met with the same fate.[15] It was the third committee (Arthur Middleton, Elias Boudinot, John Rutledge, who consulted with William Barton) that submitted a design which was approved on 20 July 1782.[15]

Individual states approached their coats of arms and seals in a similar manner (i.e., seeking direction from the statesmen and scholars of their community). A few of those involved in the design of state arms and seals include (but is not limited to): John Jay and Gouverneur Morris (New York);[16] Francis Hopkinson (New Jersey);[20] David Rittenhouse and George Clymer (Pennsylvania);[18] and George Mason, Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin West, and Thomas Jefferson (Virginia).[21]

Authority

An impression of the Great Seal of a state (or its coat of arms) has long been required on official documents ranging from deeds to legislative acts. It was the emblem that certified the authenticity of a given document[14][22] or that the authority of the state was invested in said document.[22] Judicial decisions upheld the need for a valid seal and/or coat of arms on notarized documents.{{#tag:ref |{{cite court|litigants= Tickner et al. v. Roberts |vol=11|reporter=La.|opinion=14|pinpoint=|court=Louisiana Supreme Court|date=March 1837 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iq1LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14&dq=alabama++%22coat+of+arms%22|quote=...notarial instruments were required to be authenticated by a seal, containing the coat of arms of the territory, the name and surname of the notary, his official capacity, and the place in which he exercised his office...the protest in this case, lacking the seal, which the law of that State prescribed, it appears to us, ought not to be received in evidence in our courts.}}.| group="nb"}}

One of the more compelling legislative actions recognizing the legal importance/authority of the state seal and arms occurred in February 1873 when a joint session of the United States Congress refused to recognize Arkansas's electoral votes in the November 1872 presidential election.[23] The official tally of the state's electoral votes was submitted with an invalid seal (bearing the coat of arms of the office of the Secretary of the State of Arkansas versus the seal of the state of Arkansas bearing the state arms).[23][24][25]

Regulation

Courts and state legislatures also opined on the inappropriate uses of state seals and arms. Most states barred their use for any kind of advertising.{{#tag:ref |For example, see {{cite court|litigants=Commonwealth v. R.I. Sherman Manufacturing Company|vol=189|reporter=Mass.|opinion=76|pinpoint=|court=Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court|date=8 Sep 1905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zt8_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA269|quote=The Massachusetts statute prohibiting the use of its arms or seal for advertising or commercial purposes is not in conflict with the clause of the Constitution of the United States investing Congress with power to regulate commerce among the several states}}.| group="nb"}} Reproduction for corporate use was similarly prohibited[26] and such infractions were classified as offenses against public property.[27] The 2003 Code of Federal Regulations pertaining to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives prohibits the use of state seals or coats of arms in product branding so as not to mislead the public into thinking that a commercial product has been endorsed by a government organization.[28]

Federal

President

{{Main|Armorial of Presidents of the United States|Armorial of Vice Presidents of the United States}}

Military

{{Main|Armorial of the United States Army|Armorial of coast artillery regiments of the United States Army|Coats of arms of U.S. Support Battalions}}

States

The coats of arms of the U.S. states date back to the admission of the first states to the Union. Despite the widely accepted practice of determining early statehood from the date of ratification of the United States Constitution, many of the original colonies referred to themselves as states shortly after the Declaration of Independence was signed on 4 July 1776. Committees of political leaders and intellectuals were established by state legislatures to research and propose a seal and coat of arms. Many of these members were signers of the Articles of Confederation, Declaration of Independence, and United States Constitution. Several of the earliest adopted state coats of arms and seals were similar or identical to their colonial counterparts.

State Arms of the Union, illustrated by Henry Mitchell and published by Louis Prang (known as the father of the lithographic industry), offers historically accurate renderings of the state's coats of arms as they existed in 1876. An accomplished engraver with the Bureau of Engraving and Printing for 40 years, Mitchell was responsible for engraving several coats of arms for official state use as well as arms for well-known educational and philanthropic organizations. The illustrations are presented alongside proof impressions from the engraved dies used to print the state arms on the first issue of United States National Bank Notes.

Published in 1876 by Louis Prang and illustrated by Henry Mitchell, State Arms of the Union contains a chromolithographed title page depicting the Great Seal of the United States and seven color plates with 45 state and territorial coats of arms. The book was likely published for the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition.[29]

Louis Prang was born 12 March 1824 in Breslau. At the age of 13 he began apprenticing for his father[30] and learned to dye and print calico, as well as wood and metal engraving.[31] Prang emigrated to Boston in 1850 and became an illustrator for a number of local publications.[32] Starting a business partnership in 1856 to manufacture copper and lithographic plates, Prang became sole proprietor in 1860 and named the company L. Prang & Co.[31] He specialized in color printing, more specifically “chromolithography”[30] Prang spent over four decades studying and creating a standard of colors[33] and engraved and printed maps, prints of contemporary celebrities, and color reproductions of famous works of art.[32] In 1875 Prang was responsible for introducing the Christmas card to America.[31] He created an annual design competition for his Christmas cards (run between 1880 and 1884), and judges included John La Farge, Samuel Colman, Stanford White, and Louis Comfort Tiffany.[30] Some of the notable winners included Elihu Vedder, Rosina Emmet Sherwood, Edwin Blashfield,[30] Thomas Moran, and Will Hicok Low.[32] Prang has become known as the "father of the American Christmas card",[30][31][32] as well as the "father of the lithographic industry".[33][34]

Henry Mitchell was born in New York in 1835 and went to school in Philadelphia.[35] At the age of 10 he began working with his uncle[36] to learn the trade of gem and steel engraving.[37] By the age of 20 (1855), Mitchell had engraved the official seals for the Kingdom of Hawaii.[37][38] In 1868 Mitchell joined the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and for 40 years engraved stamped envelopes.[39] Through his BEP work, Mitchell was also responsible for engraving the seal of the Secretary of the Navy and the Internal Revenue Service.[38] He also engraved the state seals for Massachusetts,[37] New York,[38] New Hampshire,[38] Vermont,[37] Rhode Island,[36] and Wisconsin.[40] Outside of state and federal government engraving, Mitchell engraved the seals and coats of arms for many well-known institutions which include Harvard University, Society of the Cincinnati, and Boston Public Library.[38] He engraved the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition award medal (1876) which was struck in the Philadelphia Mint.[41] In 1891, Mitchell was invited by the Secretary of the Treasury to join a committee to evaluate the artistic design proposals for a new issue of U.S. coins. The two other members were Charles E. Barber, Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, and Augustus Saint-Gaudens.[42][43]

In addition to being considered an expert on heraldry,[38] Mitchell was regarded as one of the best engravers[35][36] and medal designers in the United States.[44]

A state coat of arms provided an opportunity to convey the natural and industrial resources available to its residents.[47] Common themes depicted in state arms include farming, industry, transportation (e.g., boats, trains, and wagons), and nature (e.g., sunsets and mountains). The Ohio and Indiana state arms depict fairly substantial mountains in the distance. In reality, the highest points in Ohio and Indiana are Campbell Hill ({{convert|1550|ft|m}})[48] and Hoosier Hill ({{convert|1257|ft|m}})[49] respectively.

The main table contains four columns. Location refers to either the territory or state and is linked to the most relevant article (e.g., Seal of... or Coat of arms of...). All but one of the illustrations are included in a relevant article. Coat of arms contains the State Arms of the Union illustrations. National Bank Note contains the state arms found on U.S. National Currency between 1863 and the 1890s. Information lists the date of statehood and/or territorial organic act date and the date the state or territorial arms were accepted by constitutional convention or legislative assembly.

StateArmsBlazon
Alabama Coat of arms of the state of Alabama, adopted March 14, 1939[50] 1819-12-14Statehood – 14 December 1819
Arms – 29 December 1868[51]		 Coat of arms of Alabama
Alaska Adopted in XXXX Coat of arms of Alaska
Arizona Adopted in XXXX Coat of arms of Arizona
Arkansas1836-06-15Statehood – 15 June 1836
Arms – 3 May 1864[52]		 Coat of arms of Arkansas
California1850-09-09Statehood – 9 September 1850
Arms – 2 October 1849[51]		 Coat of arms of California
Colorado1876-08-01Statehood – 1 August 1876
Arms – 13 June 1877[53]		 Coat of arms of Colorado
Connecticut1788-01-09Statehood – 9 January 1788
Arms – October 1842[54] Arms of the state of Connecticut, adopted March 24, 1931[55]		 Coat of arms of Connecticut
Delaware1787-12-07Statehood – 7 December 1787
Arms – 18 January 1847[56] Coat of arms of the state of Delaware, adopted in 1777[57]		 Coat of arms of Delaware
District of Columbia1790-02-21Organic Act – 21 February 1790[58]
Arms – 3 August 1871[59]		 Coat of arms of the District of Columbia
Florida1845-03-03Statehood – 3 March 1845
Arms – 6 August 1868[60]		 Coat of arms of Florida
Georgia1788-01-02Statehood – 2 January 1788
Arms – 8 February 1799[61]		 Coat of arms of Georgia (U.S. state)
Hawaii Coat of arms of the state of Hawaii Coat of arms of Hawaii
Idaho1863-03-03Organic Act – 3 March 1863[62]
Arms – 13 March 1866[63]
Statehood – 3 July 1890		 Coat of arms of Idaho
Illinois1818-12-03Statehood – 3 December 1818
Arms – 7 March 1867[64]		 Coat of arms of Illinois
Indiana1816-12-11Statehood – 11 December 1816
Arms – 13 December 1816[65]		 Coat of arms of Indiana
Iowa1846-12-28Statehood – 28 December 1846
Arms – 25 February 1847[66]		 Coat of arms of Iowa
Kansas1861-01-29Statehood – 29 January 1861
Arms – 25 May 1861[67]{{#tag:ref>The Kansas state coat of arms on the back of the 1882BB was engraved by Timothy House of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.[68]| group="nb"}}		 Coat of arms of Kansas
Kentucky1792-06-01Statehood – 1 June 1792
Arms – 20 December 1792[69]{{#tag:ref>The Kentucky coat of arms on the back of the 1882BB was engraved by Alfred Jones of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.[70]| group="nb"}}		 Coat of arms of Kentucky
Louisiana1812-04-30Statehood – 30 April 1812
Arms – 23 December 1813{{#tag:ref>The illustrated Louisiana coat of arms represents a small design change in 1864, but the concept and design elements were in place since 1813.[71]| group="nb"}}{{#tag:ref |The Louisiana coat of arms on the back of the 1882BB was engraved by [https://books.google.com/books?id=uAhIAQAAIAAJ&lpg=PA183&ots=R5SZnPXep6&dq=%22Timothy%20House%22%20engraver&pg=PA58 Louis Delnoce] of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.[72]| group="nb"}}		 Coat of arms of Louisiana
Maine1820-03-15Statehood – 15 March 1820
Arms – 9 June 1820[73][74] Coat of arms of the state of Maine, adopted June 9, 1820[75]		 Coat of arms of Maine
Maryland1788-04-28Statehood – 28 April 1788
Arms – 18 March 1876[73]{{#tag:ref>The illustrated coat of arms of Maryland was the tenth version of the seal, and a restoration to the description offered by Lord Baltimore on 12 August 1648).[76]| group="nb"}}{{#tag:ref |The Maryland coat of arms on the back of the 1882BB was engraved by [https://books.google.com/books?id=uAhIAQAAIAAJ&lpg=PA183&ots=R5SZnPXep6&dq=%22Timothy%20House%22%20engraver&pg=PA221 W.W. Rice] of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.[77]| group="nb"}}		 Coat of arms of Maryland
Massachusetts1788-02-06Statehood – 6 February 1788
Arms – 13 December 1780[78] Coat of arms of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, adopted in 1775 (by Legislature, re-affirmed by Governor Hancock and Cabinet on December 13, 1780)		 Coat of arms of Massachusetts
Michigan1837-01-26Statehood – 26 January 1837
Arms – 2 June 1835[79] Coat of arms of the state of Michigan, adopted 1835, modified 1911[80]		 Coat of arms of Michigan
Minnesota1858-05-11Statehood – 11 May 1858
Arms – 16 July 1858[81]		 Coat of arms of Minnesota
Mississippi1817-12-10Statehood – 10 December 1817
Arms – 6 February 1894{{#tag:ref>In 1861 Mississippi adopted a coat of arms and state flag. However, in 1865 the approval was rescinded leaving Mississippi without official state arms until 1894.[82] On 6 February 1894 the proposed design for the state coat of arms was approved.[83]| group="nb"}} Arms of the state of Mississippi, adopted February 7, 2001[84]		 Coat of arms of Mississippi
Missouri1821-08-10Statehood – 10 August 1821
Arms – 11 January 1822[85]{{#tag:ref>The Missouri seal and arms were designed by Judge Robert William Wells.[86]| group="nb"}} Coat of arms of the state of Missouri[87]		 Coat of arms of Missouri
Montana1864-05-26Organic Act – 26 May 1864[62]
Arms – 9 February 1865[88]{{#tag:ref>According to the State Constitution of Montana, in the event of a transition from a Territorial to State government, the Territorial Seal would remain effective until expressly changed by legislative action.[89]| group="nb"}}
Statehood – 8 November 1889		 Coat of arms of Montana
Nebraska1867-03-01Statehood – 1 March 1867
Arms – 15 June 1867[90]{{#tag:ref>The illustrated arms represent the change from the territorial to state arms. However, the BEP engraved arms were never updated.| group="nb"}}		 Coat of arms of Nebraska
Nevada1864-10-31Statehood – 31 October 1864
Arms – 24 February 1866[91]		 Coat of arms of Nevada
New Hampshire1788-06-21Statehood – 21 June 1788
Arms – 12 February 1785[92]		 Coat of arms of New Hampshire
New Jersey1787-12-18Statehood – 18 December 1787
Arms – 10 September 1776[79]{{#tag:ref>New Jersey coat of arms was designed by Pierre Eugene Du Simitiere.[93]| group="nb"}} Coat of arms of the state of New Jersey		 Coat of arms of New Jersey
New Mexico1912-01-06Organic Act – 9 September 1850[58]
Arms – 1 February 1887[94]
Statehood – 6 January 1912		 Coat of arms of New Mexico
New York1788-07-26Statehood – 26 July 1788
Arms – 27 March 1809[95] Coat of arms of the state of New York		 Coat of arms of New York
North Carolina1789-11-21Statehood – 21 November 1789
Arms – 1835[96]		 Coat of arms of North Carolina
North Dakota Coat of arms of the state of North Dakota, adopted in 1957 Coat of arms of North Dakota
Ohio1803-03-01Statehood – 1 March 1803
Arms – 1 March 1803{{#tag:ref>While the seal of Ohio had experienced several unauthorized varieties in use, in 1868 legislature reverted the official design to the initial seal from the state constitution of 1803.[6]| group="nb"}} Arms of the state of Ohio, adopted 1953, modified 1996[97]		 Coat of arms of Ohio
Oklahoma Adopted in XXXX Coat of arms of Oklahoma
Oregon1859-02-14Statehood – 14 February 1859
Arms – 2 June 1859[98]		 Coat of arms of Oregon
Pennsylvania1787-12-12Statehood – 12 December 1787
Arms – 17 March 1875[99] Coat of arms of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, adopted 1778		 Coat of arms of Pennsylvania
Rhode Island1790-05-29Statehood – 29 May 1790
Arms – 24 February 1875[101]{{#tag:ref>The Rhode Island state coat of arms on the back of the 1882BB was engraved by Timothy House of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.[68]| group="nb"}} Arms of the state of Rhode Island, adopted 1 February 1882[102]		 Coat of arms of Rhode Island
South Carolina1788-05-23Statehood – 23 May 1788
Arms – 2 April 1776[103]		 Coat of arms of South Carolina
South Dakota1889-11-02Statehood – 2 November 1889
Arms – 1 October 1889[104]		 Coat of arms of South Dakota
Tennessee1796-06-01Statehood – 1 June 1796
Arms – 24 April 1802[105]{{#tag:ref>The Tennessee state coat of arms on the back of the 1882BB was engraved by Timothy House of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.[68]| group="nb"}}		 Coat of arms of Tennessee
Texas1845-12-29Statehood – 29 December 1845
Arms – 25 January 1839[106] Arms of the state of Texas[107]		 Coat of arms of Texas
Utah1850-09-09Organic Act – 9 September 1850[58]
Arms – 9 September 1850[108]
Statehood – 4 January 1896 Coat of arms of the state of Utah		 Coat of arms of Utah
Vermont1791-03-04Statehood – 4 March 1791
Arms – 20 February 1779[109]{{#tag:ref>On 25 November 1862, Vermont legislature formally recognized the existing seal and coat of arms.[110]| group="nb"}} Coat of arms of the state of Vermont, adopted 1862 (by Act No. 11)		 Coat of arms of Vermont
Virginia1788-06-25Statehood – 25 June 1788
Arms – 1776{{#tag:ref>The coat of arms was engraved in Paris and not ready until 4 September 1779.[111]| group="nb"}}{{#tag:ref |The Virginia coat of arms on the back of the 1882BB was engraved by [https://books.google.com/books?id=uAhIAQAAIAAJ&lpg=PA183&ots=R5SZnPXep6&dq=%22Timothy%20House%22%20engraver&pg=PA15e James Bannister] of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.[112]| group="nb"}}		 Coat of arms of Virginia
West Virginia1863-06-20Statehood – 20 June 1863
Arms – 26 September 1863[113]{{#tag:ref>Drawings by Joseph H. Diss Debar.[10]| group="nb"}} Arms of the state of West Virginia, adopted September 26, 1863		 Coat of arms of West Virginia
Wisconsin1848-05-29Statehood – 29 May 1848
Arms – 29 December 1851[114] Coat of arms of the state of Wisconsin[115]		 Coat of arms of Wisconsin
Washington1889-06-04Organic Act – 2 March 1853[58]
Arms – 28 February 1854[116]		 Coat of arms of Washington
Wyoming1868-07-25Organic Act – 25 July 1868[117]
Statehood – 10 July 1890		 Coat of arms of Wyoming
{{featured list}}

Missing territorial or state coats of arms

When State Arms of the Union was published in 1876, some existing arms were not included (e.g., Arizona and Washington Territory). At the time, Alaska was classified as the Department of Alaska (1867–84) and became the District of Alaska (1884–1912) before becoming the Territory of Alaska (1912–59). The Alaska territorial seal was designed in 1910[118] and adopted in 1913.[119] On 3 January 1959 Alaska became the 49th U.S. State.[120] The Oklahoma Territory (1890–1907) Organic Act was approved on 2 May 1890, and a territorial seal was adopted on 10 January 1893.[121] Hawaii, formerly the Kingdom of Hawaii (1795–1893), Republic of Hawaii (1894–98), and then Territory of Hawaii (1898–1959) became the 50th U.S. State on 21 August 1959.[122] None of the territories or states mentioned above had a coat of arms represented on national currency.

Depictions on banknotes

The National Bank Act ({{USStat|12|532}}) authorized the issue of a national currency. Historical vignettes on the front and back were the same by denomination (e.g., Landing of Columbus was on the reverse of all $5 notes)[123] and the state coat of arms (located on the reverse left side) was coordinated with the geographic location of the issuing bank.[123] Records do not clearly state who bore the responsibility for the design of the state arms (i.e., the U.S. Treasury Department, or the three bank note companies contracted for engraving and printing).[124] It appears that the first dies (for New Jersey, Missouri, Minnesota, and Vermont) were completed by the American Bank Note Company by 9 October 1863 based on their own drawings.[125] State arms appeared on the reverse of the Original and 1875 Series notes (first and second issue of the first design), and the 1882 Brown Back Series (the second design) of National Bank Notes.

Examples of arms depicted on Colonial and National currency
LocationColonial
Currency		National
Banknotes		Information
ConnecticutAlthough the pictured example is from a 1776 colonial note, the arms depicted was designed and adopted on 25 October 1711.[126]| group="nb"}}
National (1863){{refn|group="nb"|name=Type of NBN Seal|Although the example used is a Series of 1882 Brown Back, the coat of arms on the first issue 1860s notes used the same engraved dies for the arms.}}
MarylandNational (1864){{refn>group="nb"|name=Type of NBN Seal|Although the example used is a Series of 1882 Brown Back, the coat of arms on the first issue 1860s notes used the same engraved dies for the arms.}}
Rhode Island
National (1863){{refn>group="nb"|name=Type of NBN Seal|Although the example used is a Series of 1882 Brown Back, the coat of arms on the first issue 1860s notes used the same engraved dies for the arms.}}
South CarolinaNational (1865){{refn>group="nb"|name=Type of NBN Seal|Although the example used is a Series of 1882 Brown Back, the coat of arms on the first issue 1860s notes used the same engraved dies for the arms.}}

See also

{{Portal|Heraldry|Numismatics}}
  • Armorial of Europe
  • Armorial of Mexico

Notes

1. ^{{cite book |last1=Pinnock |first1=William |last2= |first2= |year=1840 |title=A Catechism of Heraldry: Explaining the Nature and Use of Arms and Armoury |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=3 |publisher=Whittaker and Co. |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hG5bAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22arms%22%20heraldry&pg=PA3|edition= |isbn=}}
2. ^{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Hugh |last2=Wormull |first2=Thomas |year=1854 |title=An Introduction to Heraldry|journal= |volume=|issue=|page=1 |publisher=Henry Washbourne & Co. |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_x5IAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22arms%22%20heraldry&pg=PA1|edition= |isbn=}}
3. ^{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Hugh |last2=Wormull |first2=Thomas |year=1854 |title=An Introduction to Heraldry|journal= |volume=|issue=|page=3 |publisher=Henry Washbourne & Co. |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_x5IAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22arms%22%20heraldry&pg=PA1|edition= |isbn=}}
4. ^{{cite book |last1=Nainfa |first1=John A. |last2= |first2= |year=1909 |title=Costume of Prelates of the Catholic Church: According to Roman Etiquette |journal=John Murphy Company |volume=|issue=|page=139 |publisher= |doi= |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ILddVVSkGx8C&pg=PA139 | edition= |isbn=}}
5. ^{{cite book |last1=Crabb |first1=George |last2= |first2= |year=1823 |title=Universal Technological Dictionary or Familiar Explanations of the Terms Used in All Arts and Sciences |journal= |volume=2|issue=|page= 466 |publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy |doi= |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bnAoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PT466 |edition= |isbn=}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Tannehill |first1=Joseph W. |last2= |first2= |year=1917 |title=Ohio Interrogation Points |journal= |volume=|issue=|pages= 19–20|publisher=Vic Donahey (Auditor of the State) |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jfOgAAAAMAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
7. ^{{cite book |last1=Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1985 |title= State of Wisconsin Blue Book (1985-1986) |journal= |volume=|issue=|pages=958–960 |publisher=Department of Administration (Wisconsin) |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=T2UeAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA958 |edition= |isbn=}}
8. ^{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Opha |last2= |first2= |year=1907 |title=The Great Seal of Ohio |journal=The Ohio Illustrated Magazine |volume=2|issue=1|pages=252–53 |publisher=The Ohio Magazine Publishing Company |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Spg-AAAAYAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
9. ^{{cite book |last1=Crabb |first1=George |last2= |first2= |year=1823 |title=Universal Technological Dictionary or Familiar Explanations of the Terms Used in All Arts and Aciences |journal= |volume=2 |issue=|page= 466 |publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy |doi= |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bnAoAQAAMAAJ&pg=PT466| edition= |isbn=}}
10. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=John T. |last2= |first2= |year=1916 |title=West Virginia Legislative Handbook and Manual and Official Register |journal=|volume=|issue=|pages= 350–51 |publisher= The Tribune Printing Co.|doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDY0AQAAMAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
11. ^{{cite book |last1=Utah Military Department |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1902 |title= Regulations for the National Guard of Utah |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=79 |publisher= |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=UmBMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA79|edition= |isbn=}}
12. ^{{cite book |last1= Adjutant General's Office |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1901 |title= Rules and Regulations Governing the Kansas National Guard |journal= |volume=|issue=|page= 108|publisher=W.Y. Morgan, State Printer |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Y4NAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA108|edition= |isbn=}}
13. ^{{cite book |last1=Swinton |first1=William |last2= |first2= |year=1870 |title=History of the Seventh Regiment, National Guard, State of New York |journal= |volume=|issue=|page= 3 |publisher= Fields, Osgood, & Co. |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HRtCAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22coat%20of%20arms%22%20state%20militia%20regimental&pg=PA3 |edition= |isbn=}}
14. ^1 {{Cite journal| title =The Texas State Seal | publisher = Texas Secretary of State | url =http://www.sos.state.tx.us/statdoc/seal-additional.shtml | accessdate = 8 August 2014}}
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16. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Preble |first1=George H. |last2= |first2= |year= 1917 |title=Origin and History of the American Flag |journal= |volume=2|issue=|page=616 |publisher=Nicholas L. Brown |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XKAYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA616 |edition= |isbn=}}
17. ^{{cite book |last1=Grimes |first1=J. Bryan |last2= |first2= |year=1907 |title=The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina |journal= |volume=|issue=|page= 26 |publisher= R.D.W. Connor, Secretary |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=7dQGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=%22north+carolina%22+%22state+seal%22+committee|edition= |isbn=}}
18. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Pilcher |first1=James E. |last2= |first2= |year=1902 |title=The Seal and Arms of Pennsylvania |journal= |volume=|issue=|page= 6 |publisher=W.I. Stanley Ray (State Printer) |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=9rcTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9&dq=%22pennsylvania%22+%22great+seal%22+committee|edition= |isbn=}}
19. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1919 |title=The Encyclopedia Americana |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=362 |publisher=The Encyclopedia Americana Corporation |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PWYMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362 |edition= |isbn=}}
20. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1857 |title=Journal of the Thirteenth Senate of the State of New Jersey |journal= |volume=|issue=|page= 45 |publisher=Morris R. Hamilton |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LS0ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA45| edition= |isbn=}}
21. ^Evans, 1910, p. 31.
22. ^1 {{Cite journal| title = Use of the Great Seal of Utah| publisher = Utah Department of Administrative Services| url = http://www.rules.utah.gov/publicat/code/r622/r622-002.htm| accessdate = 8 August 2014| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131219013900/http://www.rules.utah.gov/publicat/code/r622/r622-002.htm| archivedate = 19 December 2013| df = }}
23. ^1 {{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1876 |title=Counting Electoral Votes: Proceedings and Debates of Congress Relating to Counting the Electoral Votes |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=407 |publisher=Government Printing Office |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mgUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA400&dq=1872+election+arkansas+electoral+vote|edition= |isbn=}}
24. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year= 1975|title=Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970|journal= |volume=2|issue=|page=1069 |publisher=Bureau of the Census |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8UmV2ukTo0C&pg=PA1069|edition= |isbn=}}
25. ^{{cite book |last1=Hinds |first1=Asher C. |last2= |first2= |year= 1907|title=Hinds' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States |journal= |volume=3|issue=|page=272 |publisher= Government Printing Office|doi= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMul1yiWlO4C&pg=PA272|edition= |isbn=}}
26. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1915 |title=Use of Seal and Coat of Arms by Corporations |journal=The Corporation Journal |volume=|issue=47|page= 53 |publisher=The Corporation Trust Company System |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rdk_AQAAMAAJ | accessdate=30 June 2014|edition= |isbn=}}
27. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1915 |title=Offenses Against Public Property |journal=Laws of the State of Delaware |volume=28|issue=1|page=687 |publisher=Chas. L. Story |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hAg4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA687 |edition= |isbn=}}
28. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=2003 |title=Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms |journal=Code of Federal Regulations |volume=|issue=|pages= |publisher=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9jOfZ_cj3pgC&pg=PA35|edition= |isbn=}}
29. ^{{cite web| title = State Arms of the Union | publisher = Antiquarian Booksellers Association | url = http://www.abaa.org/book/294382231| accessdate = 16 July 2014}}
30. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web| title = Louis Prang, Father of the American Christmas Card | publisher = New York Historical Society Museum & Library | url =http://blog.nyhistory.org/prang/| accessdate = 14 July 2014}}
31. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| title = Louis Prang Paper (1848 – 1932) | publisher = Archives of American Art/Smithsonian | url =http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/louis-prang-papers-9709/more | accessdate = 14 July 2014}}
32. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| title = Printer Louis Prang issued 'Checks' | work = Bank Note Reporter | url =http://www.numismaster.com/ta/numis/Article.jsp?ArticleId=26465 | accessdate = 14 July 2014}}
33. ^1 {{cite book |last1=|first1=|last2= |first2= |year= 1909|title=Louis Prang Dead |journal=The American Stationer |volume=65|issue=25|page=3|publisher=Lockwood Trade Journal Company |doi= |url= |edition= |isbn=}}
34. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1910 |title=Proceedings of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Annual Meeting |journal=Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association |volume=|issue=|page=53 |publisher=C.M. Barrows Company |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DIgXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53|edition= |isbn=}}
35. ^1 {{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1910 |title=Proceedings of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Annual Meeting |journal=Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association |volume=|issue=|page=54 |publisher=C.M. Barrows Company |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DIgXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA54| edition= |isbn=}}
36. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1909 |title=Death of Henry Mitchell |journal=Geyer's Stationer |volume=48|issue=1187|page=4 |publisher= |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zqA7AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4 |edition= |isbn=}}
37. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1910 |title=Proceedings of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Annual Meeting |journal=Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association |volume=|issue=|page=55 |publisher=C.M. Barrows Company |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DIgXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55|edition= |isbn=}}
38. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1909 |title=Obituary – Henry Mitchell, Engraver |journal=The Numismatist |volume=22|issue=11|page=310 |publisher=American Numismatic Association |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mmc-AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA310 |edition= |isbn=}}
39. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1907 |title=Making the Government's Stamped Envelopes |journal=Harper's Weekly |volume=51|issue=2617|page=249 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ErZCAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA249 | edition= |isbn=}}
40. ^{{cite book |last1=Dammann |first1=Theodore |last2= |first2= |year=1929 |title=The Great Seal and Coat of Arms of Wisconsin |journal=The Wisconsin Blue Book |volume=|issue=|page= 876 |publisher=The State Printing Board |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eLEGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA876 |edition= |isbn=}}
41. ^{{cite book |last1=Giberti |first1=Bruno |last2= |first2= |year=2002 |title=Designing the Centennial |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=161 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=m4TZDebInckC&pg=PA161|edition= |isbn=0813122317}}
42. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1891 |title=Annual Report of the Director of the Mint |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=70 |publisher=Government Printing Office |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jbrzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA70 |edition= |isbn=}}
43. ^{{cite news|title=New Designs for our Silver Coins |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/837941/henry_mitchell/|newspaper=The Times (Philadelphia)|date=30 May 1891|page=2|via = Newspapers.com|accessdate = 9 August 2014 }} {{Open access}}
44. ^{{cite news|title=Current News of the Fine Arts |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/837924/henry_mitchell/|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 August 1894|page=19|via = Newspapers.com|accessdate = 9 August 2014 }} {{Open access}}
45. ^{{GNIS|id=1048991|name=Mount Logan}}
46. ^{{cite journal|first=Charles Burleigh|last=Galbreath|authorlink=Charles Burleigh Galbreath|title=Seals and Ohio flag|journal=Monthly Bulletins of the Ohio State Library|location=Columbus, Ohio|publisher=Ohio Board of Library Commissioners|volume=2|issue=4|year=1902|pages=1–5|url=//books.google.com/books?id=DrwVAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA177|via=Google Books}}
47. ^Huntoon & Shiva, 2013, p. 12.
48. ^{{cite journal |last1=Ferriter |first1=Robert M. |last2=|first2=|year=2009|title= United States Interstate Mapping System |edition=1 |volume= |issue= |page= 205|publisher=Robert M. Ferriter Publications |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KLn6c_gAA6YC&pg=PA202|isbn=9781434371133 }}
49. ^{{cite book |last1=Ferriter |first1=Robert M. |last2=|first2=|year=2009|title= United States Interstate Mapping System |edition=1 |volume= |issue= |page= 202|publisher=Robert M. Ferriter Publications |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KLn6c_gAA6YC&pg=PA202|isbn=9781434371133 }}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.alabama.gov/emblems/st_coa.html |title=Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama |accessdate= July 24, 2011 |work=State Government|publisher=Alabama Department of Archives and History}}
51. ^1 Zieber, 1895, p. 112.
52. ^Shankle, 1941, p. 183.
53. ^Shankle, 1941, p. 184.
54. ^Zieber, 1895, p. 118.
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ct.gov/ctportal/cwp/view.asp?a=885&q=246478 |title=The Amoral Bearings |accessdate= July 24, 2011 |work=State Government|publisher=Official State Website}}
56. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1847 |title=An Act to Authorize... the Great Seal... |journal=Laws of the State of Delaware |volume=10|issue=2|page= 106 |publisher=S. Kimmey (Printer) |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=py9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106 | edition= |isbn=}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ngw.nl/int/usa/delaware.htm |title=Civic Heraldry of the United States (Delaware) |accessdate= July 24, 2011 |work=State Government|publisher=Heraldry of the World}}
58. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1900 |title=Organic Acts for the Territories of the United States |journal= |volume=|issue=|page= 3 |publisher=Government Printing Office |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EOg9AAAAIAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
59. ^Shankle, 1941, p. 189.
60. ^Shankle, 1941, p. 190.
61. ^Zieber, 1895, p. 127.
62. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Leeson |first1=Michael A. |last2= |first2= |year=1885 |title=History of Montana |journal= |volume=|issue=|pages= 235–37 |publisher=Warner, Beers & Company |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lB1PAAAAYAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
63. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1867 |title=The Coat of Arms of Idaho |journal=Journal of the Fourth Session of the Council of Idaho Territory|volume=|issue=|pages=175–76 |publisher=Idaho "Statesman" Publishing Company Printers |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E3ItAAAAYAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
64. ^Shankle, 1941, p. 192.
65. ^Zieber, 1895, p. 129.
66. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1915 |title= The Great Seals of Iowa|journal= The Annals of Iowa|volume=11|issue=1|page= 576|publisher=Historical Department of Iowa |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DicUAAAAYAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
67. ^Shankle, 1941, p. 194.
68. ^1 2 Hessler, 1993, p. 175.
69. ^Zieber, 1895, p. 131.
70. ^Hessler, 1993, p. 180.
71. ^{{cite journal |last1= |first1= Louisiana Historical|last2= |first2= |year=1898 |title=The State Seal |journal=Publications of the Louisiana Historical Society |volume=2|issue=|page=20 |publisher= |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KUU9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA22 |edition= |isbn=|author1= Society}}
72. ^Hessler, 1993, p. 99.
73. ^1 Shankle, 1941, p. 196.
74. ^Zieber, 1895, p. 133.
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ngw.nl/int/usa/maine.htm |title=Civic Heraldry of the United States (Maine) |accessdate= July 24, 2011 |work=State Government|publisher=Heraldry of the World}}
76. ^{{cite book |last1=Bateman |first1=Wilfred |last2= |first2= |year=1902 |title= The Great Seal of Maryland|journal=Maryland Manual|volume=|issue=|page=100 |publisher=Wm. J. C. Dulany Co. |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=v-ckAAAAYAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
77. ^Hessler, 1993, p. 250.
78. ^Willson, 1864, p. 99.
79. ^1 Zieber, 1895, p. 144.
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.michigan.gov/sos/0,1607,7-127-1638_8731-22835--,00.html |title=Coat of Arms |accessdate= July 24, 2011 |work=State Government|publisher=Secretary of State}}
81. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1907 |title=The State Seal of Minnesota |journal=The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota |volume=|issue=|pages=9–10 |publisher=Minnesota Secretary of State |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMGAQAAIAAJ | edition= |isbn=}}
82. ^{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=J.M. |last2= |first2= |year=1894 |title=Eighteenth Day |journal=Mississippi Legislature (House) |volume=|issue=|pages=194–195 |publisher=Clarion-Ledger Publishing Company |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/?id=nIJKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA194|edition= |isbn=}}
83. ^{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=J.M. |last2= |first2= |year=1894 |title=Thirty-First Day |journal=Mississippi Legislature (House) |volume=|issue=|page=351 |publisher=Clarion-Ledger Publishing Company |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nIJKAAAAMAAJ&dq=mississippi%20%22coat%20of%20arms%22&pg=PA351|edition= |isbn=}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mississippi.gov/symbols.jsp |title=State Symbols |accessdate= July 24, 2011 |work=State Government|publisher=Mississippi.Gov}}
85. ^{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Walter B. |last2= |first2= |year=1921 |title=Missouri's "Armorial Achievement" |journal=Centennial History of Missouri|volume=|issue=|page=195 |publisher=The S.J. Clarke Publishing Company |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8wxZAAAAMAAJ | edition= |isbn=}}
86. ^{{Cite journal| title =The Great Seal of Missouri | publisher = Missouri Secretary of State Website | url =http://www.sos.mo.gov/symbols/symbols.asp?symbol=seal | accessdate = 8 August 2014}}
87. ^{{cite web|title=The Missouri State Flag|work=State of Missouri|publisher=Netstates.com|accessdate=2011-09-21|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flags/mo_flag.htm}}
88. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1864 |title= Council Journal of the First Legislative Assembly of Montana Territory |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=294 |publisher=D.W. Tilton & Co. |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/?id=PPZBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=%22First+Session+of+the+Legislative+Assembly+of+the+Territory+of+Montana%22|edition= |isbn=}}
89. ^{{cite book |last1=Judson |first1=Katharine B. |last2= |first2= |year=1912 |title=Montana: "the Land of Shining Mountains" |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=235 |publisher=A.C. McClurg & Co. |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/?id=ndhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA235|edition= |isbn=}}
90. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1867 |title=The Statutes of Nebraska |journal= |volume=|issue=|pages= 863–864 |publisher=Culver, Page & Hoyne |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=v1lHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA863|edition= |isbn=}}
91. ^Shankle, 1941, p. 201.
92. ^{{cite book |last1=Hammond |first1=Otis G. |last2= |first2= |year=1916 |title=History of the Seal and Flag of the State of New Hampshire |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=31 |publisher=State of New Hampshire |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zWg-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA31 | edition= |isbn=}}
93. ^{{cite book |last1=Barlow |first1=Catherine B. |last2= |first2= |year= |title=State Arms of New Jersey |journal=Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine |volume=46/47|issue=|pages= |publisher= |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XomAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA370&dq=delaware+%22coat+of+arms%22+%22great+seal%22|edition= |isbn=}}
94. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1887 |title=Seal – Territory |journal=Acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of New Mexico|volume=27|issue=|page=229 |publisher=J.A. Carruth, Printer, Binder and Blank Book Manufacturers |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_EU4AAAAIAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
95. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1809 |title=An Act… Authorizing the making [of] a new Great Seal... |journal=Laws of the State of New York |volume=5|issue=|page= 504 |publisher=Websters and Skinner |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WM4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA504 | edition= |isbn=}}
96. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1921 |title=The Great Seal |journal=North Carolina Journal |volume=|issue=|page= 230 |publisher=Edwards & Broughton Printing Company |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQGAQAAIAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
97. ^{{cite web|title=Ohio|work=State of Ohio|publisher=gwav.tripod.com|accessdate=2011-09-21|url=http://gwav.tripod.com/ohio.htm}}
98. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1866 |title=General Repealing Acts |journal= The Organic and Other General Laws of Oregon|volume=|issue=|page= 946 |publisher=Henry L. Pittock, State Printer |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bM5NAQAAIAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
99. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1875 |title=Report of the Commissioners to Correct the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |journal= Miscellaneous Documents Read in the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania|volume=3|issue=|page=1113 |publisher=B.F. Meyers, State Printer |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZI0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1113 |edition= |isbn=}}
100. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1880 |title=The Coat of Arms of Pennsylvania |journal=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography|volume=4|issue=|pages=121–22 |publisher=The Historical Society of Pennsylvania |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HXQFAAAAQAAJ | accessdate=30 June 2014|edition= |isbn=}}
101. ^Shankle, 1941, p. 210.
102. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ri.gov/facts/factsfigures.php |title=State Symbols |accessdate= July 24, 2011 |work=State Government|publisher=RI.Gov}}
103. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1906 |title=The Seals of South Carolina |journal=South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine |volume=7|issue=4|page= 225 |publisher=South Carolina Historical Society |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ0KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA225 |edition= |isbn=}}
104. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1901 |title=Constitution of the State of South Dakota |journal=Statutes of the State of South Dakota |volume=1|issue=|page=49 |publisher=H.B. Parsons |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vDcbAAAAYAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
105. ^{{cite book |last1=Garrett |first1=W.R. |last2=Bass |first2=John M. |year=1901 |title=The Great Seal of the State of Tennessee |journal=The American Historical Magazine |volume=6|issue=|page=210 |publisher=Peabody Normal College |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ekQ9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA205 |edition= |isbn=}}
106. ^Shankle, 1941, p. 213.
107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.tx.us/statdoc/seal-additional.shtml |title=The Texas State Seal |accessdate= July 24, 2011 |work=State Government|publisher=Secretary of State}}
108. ^Zieber, 1895, p. 183.
109. ^Shankle, 1941, p. 215.
110. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1862 |title=An Act Establishing the State Arms, Seal and Flag |journal=The Acts and Resolves Passed by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont|volume=|issue=|pages= 30–31 |publisher= |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eyNEAAAAYAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
111. ^Zieber, 1895, p. 191.
112. ^Hessler, 1993, p. 42.
113. ^Zieber, 1895, p. 193.
114. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1907 |title=The Second Great Seal |journal=Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin at its Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting|volume=|issue=|pages=300–301 |publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3DwUAAAAYAAJ|edition= |isbn=}}
115. ^{{cite web|title=Wisconsin State Symbols|work=State of Wisconsin|publisher=legis.wisconsin.gov|accessdate=2011-09-21|url=http://legis.wisconsin.gov/lrb/bb/01bb/ch11.pdf}}
116. ^{{cite book |last1=|first1=|last2= |first2= |year=1855 |title=Statutes of the Territory of Washington |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=379|publisher=Geo. B. Goudy, Public Printer |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UT8wAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA379 |edition= |isbn=}}
117. ^{{cite book |last1=Farrand |first1=Max |last2= |first2= |year=1896 |title=The Legislation of Congress for the Government of the Organized Territories of the United States |journal= |volume=|issue=|page= 80 |publisher=Wm. A. Baker |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bAJAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80 |edition= |isbn=}}
118. ^{{cite book |last1=Kimura |first1=Greg W.|last2= |first2= |year=2009 |title=Alaska at 50 – The Past, Present, and Next Fifty Year of Alaska Statehood |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=6 |publisher=University of Alaska Press |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D0zy05-g6BAC&pg=PA6|edition= |isbn=978-1-60223-081-1}}
119. ^{{cite book |last1=Johnson|first1=Joyce|last2= |first2= |year=2002 |title=Alaska (Hello U.S.A.) |journal= |volume=|issue=|page=71|publisher=Lerner Publications |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=I8zPT6Ect04C&lpg=PA69&dq=%22alaska%20state%20seal%22&pg=PA71 |edition= |isbn=}}
120. ^{{Cite journal |title = A Brief History of Alaska |publisher = Alaska Statehood Celebration Commission Website |url = http://www.gov.state.ak.us/ASCC/pdf/HistoryofAlaska.pdf |accessdate = 27 July 2014 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230025331/http://www.gov.state.ak.us/ASCC/pdf/HistoryofAlaska.pdf |archivedate = 30 December 2013 |df = }}
121. ^{{cite web| title =Grand Seal of the Territory of Oklahoma| publisher = Oklahoma State University | url = http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v035/v035p128.pdf |accessdate = 26 July 2014}}
122. ^{{cite web |title = Hawaii Statehood, August 21, 1959 |publisher = The National Archives |url = https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/hawaii/ |accessdate = 26 July 2014}}
123. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Blake |first1=George Herbert |year=1908|title=United States paper money|work= |volume= |issue= |pages =22–23 |publisher=George H. Blake |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2AaJra9gtSUC&pg=PA32|edition=|isbn=}}
124. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1864 |title=Proceedings of Select Committee |journal=Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives (First Session, Thirty-Eighth Congress) |volume=|issue=|pages=|publisher=Government Printing Office |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p4AZAAAAYAAJ|edition= |isbn=}}
125. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |year=1864 |title=Proceedings of Select Committee |journal=Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives (First Session, Thirty-Eighth Congress) |volume=|issue=|page=274|publisher= Government Printing Office |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p4AZAAAAYAAJ|edition= |isbn=}}
126. ^Zieber, 1895, p. 117.

References

Citations

{{Reflist|30em}}

Sources

  • {{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Edward S. |last2= |first2= |year= 1910|title=The Seals of Virginia |journal=Report of the Virginia State Library |volume=7|issue=|pages=|publisher=Davis Bottom |doi= |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K94aAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA91 |edition= |isbn=}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Friedberg |first1=Arthur L. |last2=Friedberg |first2=Ira S. |year=2013 |title= Paper Money of the United States: A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations |journal=|volume=|issue=|pages= |publisher = Coin & Currency Institute |doi= |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eMFWoWl2UYkC |edition=20th |isbn=978-0-87184-520-7}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Hessler |first1=Gene |year=1993 |title=The Engraver's Line – An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art |journal=|volume=|issue=|pages= |publisher= BNR Press |doi= |url= |accessdate=|edition=|isbn=0-931960-36-3}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Huntoon |first1=Peter W. |year=1995 |title= United States Large Size National Bank Notes |journal=|volume=|issue=|pages= |publisher= Society of Paper Money Collectors, Inc. |doi= |url= |accessdate=|edition=|isbn=0-9648774-1-4}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Huntoon |first1=Peter |last2=Shiva |first2=Andrew|year=2013 |title=Seal Varieties on Series 1882 National Bank Note Backs |journal=Paper Money |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=10–20 |publisher=spmc.org |doi= |jstor=}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Newman |first1=Eric P. | year=2008 |title= The Early Paper Money of America |journal= |volume= |issue=|pages= |publisher= Krause Publications |doi= |url= |accessdate=|edition=5|isbn=}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Shankle |first1=George E. |last2= |first2= |year=1941 |title=State Names, Flags, Seals, Songs, Birds, Flowers, and Other Symbols |journal=|volume=|issue=|pages= |publisher=H.W. Wilson Company |doi= |url= |accessdate=|edition=Revised|isbn=}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Willson |first1=Marcius |last2= |first2= |year=1864 |title=American History... |journal= |volume=|issue=|pages= |publisher=Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman & Co. |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pPpKAAAAYAAJ |edition= |isbn=}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Zieber|first1=Eugene |year=1895 |title=Heraldry in America|journal=|volume=|issue=|pages= |publisher= The Bailey, Banks & Biddle Company |doi= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=k1FWAAAAYAAJ|edition=|isbn=}}

Further reading

  • {{cite journal |last1=Huntoon |first1=Peter |last2=Shiva |first2=Andrew|year=2013c |title=Philatelist was Catalyst for Revisions|journal=Paper Money |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=331–338 |publisher=spmc.org|doi= |jstor=}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Prather |first1=Dewitt G. |year=1986 |title=United States National Banknotes and Their Seals|journal=|volume=|issue= |pages=|publisher=Dewitt G. Prather|isbn=0-9616836-0-0}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Shiva |first1=Andrew |last2=Huntoon |first2=Peter|year=2013 |title=Wyoming & Idaho State Seals & Utah Territorials|journal=Paper Money |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=182–195 |publisher=spmc.org|doi= |jstor=}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Stauffer |first1=David M. |last2= |first2= |year=1907 |title=American Engravers Upon Copper and Steel |journal=|volume=|issue=|pages= |publisher=The Grolier Club of the City of New York |doi= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAhIAQAAIAAJ |edition=|isbn=}}

    External links

    • [https://web.archive.org/web/20150421180140/http://ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Category%3AUS_States Heraldry of the World (U.S. States)]

    See also

    {{Portal|Heraldry}}
    • Historical coats of arms of the U.S. states from 1876
    • List of U.S. state, district, and territorial insignia – a list of state flags, seals and coats of arms
    • Seals of the U.S. states
    • Seals of governors of the U.S. states
    • Flags of governors of the U.S. states
    • United States heraldry

    References

    {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

    External links

    {{-}}{{US state coats of arms}}{{state insignia}}{{state symbols}}{{USStateLists}}

    3 : United States state coats of arms|Lists of United States state insignia|Armorials of the United States

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