| 词条 | Paddy Chayefsky | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| birthname = Sidney Aaron Chayefsky | image = Still photo.jpg | caption = Circa 1972 | birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1923|01|29}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1981|08|01|1923|01|29}} | death_place = New York City, U.S. | years_active = 1944–1980 | occupation = Playwright, novelist and screenwriter | spouse = {{marriage|Susan Sackler|1949}} | children = 1 | alma_mater = City College of New York (1943) [1]}}Sidney Aaron "Paddy" Chayefsky (January 29, 1923 – August 1, 1981) was an American playwright, screenwriter and novelist. He is the only person to have won three solo Academy Awards for Best Screenplay (the other three-time winners, Francis Ford Coppola, Charles Brackett, Woody Allen, and Billy Wilder, have all shared their awards with co-writers).[2] He was considered one of the most renowned dramatists of the so-called Golden Age of Television. His intimate, realistic scripts provided a naturalistic style of television drama for the 1950s, and he was regarded as the central figure in the "kitchen sink realism" movement of American television.[3] Martin Gottfried wrote in All His Jazz that Chayefsky "was a successful writer, the most successful graduate of television's slice of life school of naturalism."[4] Following his critically acclaimed teleplays, Chayefsky continued to succeed as a playwright and novelist. As a screenwriter, he received three Academy Awards for Marty (1955), The Hospital (1971) and Network (1976). The movie Marty was based on his own television drama about two lonely people finding love. Network was his scathing satire of the television industry and The Hospital was also satiric. Film historian David Thomson called The Hospital "years ahead of its time. […] Few films capture the disaster of America's self-destructive idealism so well."[5] His screenplay for Network is often regarded as his masterpiece,[6] and has been hailed as "the kind of literate, darkly funny and breathtakingly prescient material that prompts many to claim it as the greatest screenplay of the 20th century."[7] Chayefsky's early stories were frequently influenced by the author's childhood in The Bronx. Chayefsky was part of the inaugural class of inductees into the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences' Television Hall of Fame. He received this honor three years after his death, in 1984.[8] Early lifeChayefsky was born in The Bronx, New York City to Russian-Jewish immigrants Harry and Gussie Stuchevsky Chayefsky who came from Moscow to New York in 1907.[9] He had two older brothers, William and Isidor.[10] He spent part of his youth in Mount Vernon, New York.[11] He attended DeWitt Clinton High School,[12] where he served as an editor-in-chief of the school's literary magazine, "The Magpie" and wrote for the school newspaper. Stan Lee graduated in his class.[13] He went to the City College of New York. While there, he played for the semi-professional football team Kingsbridge Trojans. He graduated with a degree in accounting in 1943, and then studied languages at Fordham University.[14] Military serviceDuring World War II, Chayefsky joined the United States Army, where he received both a Purple Heart and the nickname "Paddy". The nickname was given spontaneously when he was awakened at dawn for kitchen duty. Although actually Jewish, he asked to be excused to attend Mass. "Sure you do, Paddy," said the officer, and the name stuck.[15] Serving with the 104th Infantry Division in the European Theatre, he was near Aachen, Germany when he was wounded, reportedly by a land mine. While recovering from his injuries in the Army Hospital near Cirencester, England, he wrote the book and lyrics to a musical comedy, No T.O. for Love. First produced in 1945 by the Special Services Unit, the show toured European Army bases for two years.[14] The London opening of No T.O. for Love at the Scala Theatre in the West End was the beginning of Chayefsky's theatrical career. During the London production of this musical, Chayefsky encountered Joshua Logan, a future collaborator, and Garson Kanin, who invited Chayefsky to collaborate with him on a documentary of the Allied invasion, The True Glory.[15] Post-warReturning to the United States, Chayefsky worked in his uncle's print shop, Regal Press, an experience which provided a background for his later teleplay, Printer's Measure (1953), as well as his story for the movie As Young as You Feel (1951). Kanin enabled Chayefsky to spend time working on his second play, Put Them All Together (later known as M is for Mother), but it was never produced. Producers Mike Gordon and Jerry Bressler gave him a junior writer's contract. He wrote a story, The Great American Hoax, which sold to Good Housekeeping but was never published. He relocated to Hollywood, where he met his future wife Susan Sackler, and the couple married in February 1949. Failing to find work on the West Coast, Chayefsky returned to New York. During the late 1940s, he began working full-time on short stories and radio scripts, and during that period, he was a gagwriter for radio host Robert Q. Lewis. Chayefsky later recalled, "I sold some plays to men who had an uncanny ability not to raise money."[16] During 1951–52, Chayefsky wrote adaptations for radio's Theater Guild on the Air: The Meanest Man in the World (with James Stewart), Cavalcade of America, Tommy (with Van Heflin and Ruth Gordon) and Over 21 (with Wally Cox). His play The Man Who Made the Mountain Shake was noticed by Elia Kazan, and his wife, Molly Kazan, helped Chayefsky with revisions. It was retitled Fifth From Garibaldi but was never produced. In 1951, the movie As Young as You Feel was adapted from a Chayefsky story. TelevisionHe moved into television with scripts for Danger, The Gulf Playhouse and Manhunt. Philco Television Playhouse producer Fred Coe saw the Danger and Manhunt episodes and enlisted Chayefsky to adapt the story It Happened on the Brooklyn Subway about a photographer on a New York City Subway train who reunites a concentration camp survivor with his long-lost wife. Chayefsky's first script to be telecast was a 1949 adaptation of Budd Schulberg's What Makes Sammy Run? for Philco. Since he had always wanted to use a synagogue as backdrop, he wrote Holiday Song, telecast in 1952 and also in 1954. He submitted more work to Philco, including Printer's Measure, The Bachelor Party (1953) and The Big Deal (1953). One of these teleplays, Mother (April 4, 1954), received a new production October 24, 1994 on Great Performances with Anne Bancroft in the title role. Curiously, original teleplays from the 1950s are almost never revived for new TV productions, so the 1994 production of Mother was a conspicuous rarity. In 1953, Chayefsky wrote Marty, which was premiered on The Philco Television Playhouse, with Rod Steiger and Nancy Marchand. Marty is about a decent, hard-working Bronx butcher, pining for the company of a woman in his life but despairing of ever finding true love in a relationship. Fate pairs him with a plain, shy schoolteacher named Clara whom he rescues from the embarrassment of being abandoned by her blind date in a local dance hall. The production, the actors and Chayefsky's naturalistic dialogue received much critical acclaim and influenced subsequent live television dramas. Chayefsky had a unique clause in his Marty contract that stated that only he could write the screenplay, which he did for the 1955 movie. Chayefsky's The Great American Hoax was broadcast May 15, 1957 during the second season of The 20th Century Fox Hour. This was actually a rewrite of his earlier Fox film, As Young as You Feel (1951) with Monty Woolley and Marilyn Monroe. The Great American Hoax was shown on the FX channel after Fox restored some The 20th Century Fox Hour episodes and telecast them under the new title Fox Hour of Stars beginning in 2002.[17] BroadwayThe seventh season of Philco Television Playhouse began September 19, 1954 with E. G. Marshall and Eva Marie Saint in Chayefsky's Middle of the Night, a play which relocated to Broadway theaters 15 months later; In 1956, Middle of the Night opened on Broadway with Edward G. Robinson and Gena Rowlands, and its success led to a national tour. It was filmed by Columbia Pictures in 1959 with Kim Novak and Fredric March. The Tenth Man (1959) marked Chayefsky's second Broadway theatrical success, garnering 1960 Tony Award nominations for Best Play, Best Director (Tyrone Guthrie) and Best Scenic Design. Guthrie received another nomination for Chayefsky's Gideon, as did actor Fredric March. Chayefsky's final Broadway theatrical production, a play based on the life of Joseph Stalin, The Passion of Josef D, received unfavorable reviews and ran for only 15 performances.[18]Although Chayefsky was an early writer for the television medium, he eventually abandoned it, "decrying the lack of interest the networks demonstrated toward quality programming". As a result, during the course of his career, he constantly toyed with the idea of lampooning the television industry, which he succeeded in doing with Network.[19] The film is said to have "presaged the advent of reality television by twenty years" and was a "sardonic satire" of the television industry, dealing with the "dehumanization of modern life."[20] NovelsInspired by the work of John C. Lilly, Chayefsky spent two years in Boston doing research to write his science fiction novel Altered States (HarperCollins, 1978) about a man's search for his primal self through psychotropic drugs and an isolation tank. Chayefsky suffered greatly from stress while working on the novel, resulting in his heart attack in 1977. Subsequent to that misfortune, he was sued by one of the numerous scientific advisors he hired to help him with research.[19] He wrote the screenplay for the 1980 film, but he is credited by his real first and middle name, Sidney Aaron, because of disputes with director Ken Russell.[21] Personal traitsDrama critic Martin Gottfried gives a general description of Chayefsky's personal traits as they may have affected his writings: "Chayefsky was a sturdy man of 42, compact and burly in the bulky way of a schoolyard athlete, with thick dark hair and a bent nose that could pass for a streetfighter's. He was a grown-up with one foot in the boys' clubs of his city youth, a street snob who would not allow the loss of his nostalgia. He was an intellectual competitor, always spoiling for a political argument or a philosophical argument, or any exchange over any issue, changing sides for the fun of the fray. A liberal, he was annoyed by liberals; a proud Jew, he wouldn't let anyone call him a 'Jewish writer.' In short, the life of the mind was a participant sport for Paddy Chayefsky."[22] FamilyPaddy and Susan (née Sackler) Chayefsky's son Dan was born six years after their 1949 marriage. Despite an alleged affair with Kim Novak,[15] Paddy Chayefsky remained married to Susan Chayefsky until his death. DeathChayefsky died in New York City of cancer, for which he had declined surgery, in 1981, aged 58, and was interred in the Sharon Gardens Division of Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, Westchester County, New York. Bob Fosse performed a tap dance at the funeral,[23] as part of a deal he and Chayefsky had made when Fosse was in the hospital for open-heart surgery. If Fosse died first, Chayefsky promised to deliver a tedious eulogy or Fosse would dance at Chayefsky's memorial if he was the one to die first.[24] His personal papers are at the Wisconsin Historical Society and the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Billy Rose Theatre Division.[25] Filmography
Television and stage plays
Academy Awards
References1. ^Profile, nndb.com; accessed June 29, 2015. 2. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0154665/awards IMDB] 3. ^Rutherford, Paul.[https://books.google.com/books?id=mnWfAKizTTAC&pg=PA279 When Television Was Young]. University of Toronto Press, 1990. 4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=g3uY59k0XNUC&pg=PA171 Quote re Chayefsky], google.com; accessed June 29, 2015. 5. ^Thomson, David. The New Biographical Dictionary of Film, Alfred A. Knopf (2002), p. 155 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-greatest-screenplays/list |title=101 Greatest Screenplays |publisher=Writers Guild of America, West |accessdate=January 13, 2017}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/books/review/mad-as-hell-by-dave-itzkoff.html?_r=0 |title=Anchorman: 'Mad as Hell', by Dave Itzkoff |last=Lowe |first=Rob |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 13, 2014 |accessdate=January 13, 2017}} 8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XqoqB6-9EhIC&pg=PA59&dq=Television+Hall+of+Fame+Paddy+Chayefsky+1984&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjP456D0I_PAhUBlhQKHfEOCO8Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=Television%2520Hall%2520of%2520Fame%2520Paddy%2520Chayefsky%25201984&f=false|title=THE COMIC DNA OF LUCILLE BALL: INTERPRETING THE ICON|last=Karol|first=Michael|date=2005-12-15|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9780595823208|language=en}} 9. ^Brady, John. The Craft of the Screenwriter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981. 10. ^1930 United States Census 11. ^1930 United States Federal Census 12. ^{{cite news|last1=Campbell|first1=Colin|title=PADDY CHAYEFSKY DEAD AT 58; PLAYWRIGHT WON THREE OSCARS|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/02/obituaries/paddy-chayefsky-dead-at-58-playwright-won-three-oscars.html|accessdate=16 July 2016|work=The New York Times|date=2 August 1981}} 13. ^Dewitt Clinton High School Yearbook, 1939, p. 32, p. 44 14. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=James|title=Historical Dictionary of Contemporary American Theater: 1930-2010|date=June 2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8108-5532-8|page=146}} 15. ^1 2 [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0595120296/ref=sib_dp_pt# Considine, Shaun. Mad as Hell: The Life and Work of Paddy Chayefsky, Random House (1995), amazon.com; accessed June 29, 2015.] 16. ^{{cite book |last=Frank|first=Sam|title=American Screenwriters: Second Series|year=1986 |publisher=Gale|location=Detroit, Michigan |isbn=978-0-8103-1722-2}} 17. ^{{IMDb name|0154665}} 18. ^Internet Broadway Database; accessed June 29, 2015. 19. ^1 Guide to the Paddy Chayefsky Papers, 1907–1998, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, 2006 completion 20. ^Thompson, David. The Whole Equation: A History of Hollywood, Alfred A. Knopf (2005), p. 328 21. ^{{cite web|last=McDonald|first=Brian|date=2010-11-01|url=http://invisibleinkblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/lesson-from-paddy-chayefsky.html|title=A Lesson from Paddy Cheyefsky|accessdate=2010-11-06}} 22. ^Gottfried, Martin. All His Jazz: The Life and Death of Bob Fosse, Da Capo Press (1990) pp. 170–171 23. ^{{cite news|last1=Teachout|first1=Terry|title=Sad as Hell|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/sad-as-hell/|accessdate=24 May 2018|work=Commentary Magazine|date=1 April 2014}} 24. ^Wassson, Sam. Fosse, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2013) p. 399 25. ^Paddy Chayefsky papers, 1907–1998 (bulk 1952–1981), held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts External links{{Wikiquote}}
|title = Awards for Paddy Chayefsky |list ={{Academy Award Best Original Screenplay}}{{Academy Award Best Adapted Screenplay}}{{BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay}}{{Golden Globe Award Best Screenplay}}{{Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay}}{{1984 Television Hall of Fame}} }}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Chayefsky, Paddy}} 21 : 1923 births|1981 deaths|American military personnel of World War II|American male screenwriters|Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners|City College of New York alumni|DeWitt Clinton High School alumni|Fordham University alumni|People from the Bronx|Jewish American dramatists and playwrights|Burials at Kensico Cemetery|American Jews in the military|Jewish American screenwriters|American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent|Best Screenplay Golden Globe winners|BAFTA winners (people)|Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners|20th-century American dramatists and playwrights|American male dramatists and playwrights|20th-century American male writers|Screenwriters from New York (state) |
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