| 词条 | Artificial dielectrics |
| 释义 |
In addition, some artificial dielectrics may consist of irregular lattices, random mixtures, or a non-uniform concentration of particles. Artificial dielectrics came into use with the radar microwave technologies developed between the 1940s and 1970s. The term "artificial dielectrics" came into use because these are macroscopic analogues of naturally occurring dielectrics. The difference between the natural and artificial substance is that the atoms or molecules are artificially (human) constructed materials. Artificial dielectrics were proposed because of the need for lightweight structures and components for various microwave delivery devices.[2] Artificial dielectrics are a direct historical link to metamaterials. Seminal workThe term artificial dielectric was originated by Winston E. Kock in 1948 when he was employed by Bell Laboratories. It described materials of practical dimensions that imitated the electromagnetic response of natural dielectric solids. The artificial dielectrics were borne out of a need for lightweight low loss materials for large and otherwise heavy devices.[1][2][6] Dielectric analogNatural dielectrics, or natural materials, are a model for artificial dielectrics. When an electromagnetic field is applied to a natural dielectric, local responses and scattering occur on the atomic or molecular level. The macroscopic response of the material is then described as electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. However, for this macroscopic response to be valid a type of spatial ordering must be present between the scatterers. In addition, a certain relation to the wavelength is part of its description.[6] A lattice structure, with some degree of spatial ordering is present. Also, the applied field is longer in wavelength than the lattice spacing. This then allows for a macroscopic description expressed as electric permittivity and magnetic permeability.[6] In order to manufacture an artificial permittivity and permeability there must be a capability to access the atoms themselves. This degree of precision is impractical. However, in the late 1940s - in the domain of long wavelengths such as radio frequencies and microwave - it became possible to manufacture larger scale, and more accessible scatterers that mimic the local response of natural materials - along with a synthesized macroscopic response. In the radio frequency and microwave regions such artificial crystal lattice structures were assembled. The scatters responded to an electromagnetic field like atoms and molecules in natural materials, and the media behaved much like dielectrics with an effective media response.[6] The scattering elements are designed to scatter the electromagnetic field in a prescribed manner. The geometric shape of the elements – spheres, disks, conducting strips, etc. – contribute to the design parameters.[3][11] Rodded mediumThe rodded medium (plasma medium) is also known as the wire mesh, and wire grid. It is a square lattice of thin parallel wires The initial research pertaining to this medium was conducted by J. Brown, K.E. Golden, and W. Rotman.[11][4] MetamaterialsArtificial dielectrics are a direct historical link to metamaterials.[2][5] Further reading
| last =Brown | first = John | title = Artificial dielectrics having refractive indices less than unity | journal = Proceedings of the IEE - Part IV: Institution Monographs | volume = 100 | issue = 5 | pages = 51–62 | date = October 1953 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.192.289 | doi =10.1049/pi-4.1953.0009 | accessdate =}} Date of Current Version: 22 January 2010. See: related articles on IEEE Xplore.
|doi=10.1007/BF01039343 |title=Optical properties of artificial dielectrics (review) |year=1972 |last1=Silin |first1=R. A. |journal=Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=615–624|bibcode = 1972R&QE...15..615S }}
References1. ^1 {{Cite book| last =Milonni| first =Peter W.|authorlink1=Peter W. Milonni|author2=Institute of Physics| title =Fast light, slow light and left-handed light| publisher =CRC Press| date =November 30, 2004| location =| pages =221, 222| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kE8OUCvt7ecC&pg=PA221&dq=artificial+dielectrics#v=onepage&q=artificial%20dielectrics&f=false| isbn =978-0-7503-0926-4}} First published in 2004 according to the CRC Press web page {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928121537/http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/0750309261 |date=September 28, 2011 }} for this book. According to the copyright page of this book, accessible via Google Books, it had gone into its tenth printing by sometime in 2005. 2. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book| last =Wenshan| first = Cai| authorlink =|author2=Shalaev, Vladimir | title =Optical Metamaterials: Fundamentals and Applications| publisher =Springer| date =November 2009|pages =xi, 3, 8, 9, 59, 74| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=q8gDF2pbKXsC&pg=PA59&dq=artificial+dielectrics#v=onepage&q=artificial%20dielectrics&f=false| isbn =978-1-4419-1150-6}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book| last =Eleftheriades |first =George V.| authorlink =George V. Eleftheriades|author2=Balmain, Keith| title =Negative-refraction metamaterials: fundamental principles and applications| publisher =John Wiley & Sons, Inc.| date =July 2005| location =| pages =v, xiii, xiv, 4–7, 46, 47, 53| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=l58lrWpI8LYC&pg=PA4&dq=artificial+dielectrics#v=onepage&q=artificial%20dielectrics&f=false|isbn =978-0-471-60146-3 }} Copyright held by the Institute of Electrical Engineers. 4. ^Initial research on rodded medium.*Brown, J.; "Artificial dielectrics having refractive indices less than unity" ; Proceedings of the IEE - Part IV: Institution Monographs Volume: 100 , Issue: 5; Publication Year: 1953 , Page(s): 51 - 62*{{cite journal|last1=Golden|first1=K.|title=Plasma simulation with an artificial dielectric in a horn geometry|journal=IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation|volume=13|page=587|year=1965|doi=10.1109/TAP.1965.1138461|bibcode = 1965ITAP...13..587G|issue=4 }}*{{cite journal|last1=Rotman|first1=W.|title=Plasma simulation by artificial dielectrics and parallel-plate media|journal=IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation|volume=10|issue=1|page=82|year=1962|doi=10.1109/TAP.1962.1137809|bibcode = 1962ITAP...10...82R }} 5. ^1 2 {{Cite book| last =Capolino| first =Filippo| authorlink =| title =Theory and Phenomena of Metamaterials| publisher =CRC Press| date =October 5, 2009| location =| pages =1–1 to 1–8| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0PMnYo8hva8C&pg=SA1-PA3&dq=Artificial+dielectrics&cd=9#v=onepage&q=Artificial%20dielectrics&f=false| isbn =978-1-4200-5425-5}} External links
3 : Metamaterials|Microwave technology|Radio frequency propagation |
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